Fold expansion

The surface area in the luminal side of the small intestine per unit length of the serosal (blood) side is enormous in the proximal jejunum, and steadily decreases (to about 20% of the starting value [62]) in the distal portions of the small intestine. The surface area is increased threefold [69] by ridges oriented circumferentially around the lumen. Similar folds are found in all segments of the GIT, except the mouth and esophagus [66]. Further 4—10-fold expansion [62,69] of the surface is produced by the villi structures, shown schematically in Fig. 2.4. The layer of epithelial cells lining the villi structures separate the lumen from the circulatory system. Epithelial cells are made in the crypt folds of the villi, and take about... 

The presence of folds and villi structures on the surface area is not taken into account for the in vivo effective intestinal membrane permeability (Pefr when extrapolated from a perfusion experiment, a smooth tube is usually assumed). In humans, the fold expansion (FE) of the surface area is about threefold, and villi expansion (VE) is about 10-fold [7]. In the case of high epithelial membrane permeability (Pep) absorption occurs at the top of the villi before diffusing down the villi channels, whereas low Pep compound may diffuse down the villi channels to the crypts (Figure 6.1). Therefore, accessibility (Acc) to the surface depends on Pep and diffusion coefficient [7, 8]. The effective membrane permeability can be expressed as ... 

Figure 6.2 Relationship between the epithelial membrane permeability and the effective intestinal membrane permeability in humans. Based on [6] an recalculated including fold expansion and UWL effect.

Large Cell Expansion in Short Time. Most of the cells needed for therapy have to be patient-specific and therefore must be provided on demand and in a number sufficient for one patient. A billion-fold expansion in a timeframe of months fails to meet the cHnical requirements. For example, in the case of a... 

Now most of /2E data that are based on cylinder expansion velocities (Table 4) are derived from LRL measurements of velocities that appear to approach an asymptote at about seven-fold cylinder expansion. Hershkowitz Rigdon (Ref 15) used larger cylinders than LRL and obtained velocity measurements of up to 10- to 13-fold expansions. Comparison of these velocities with those obtained for approximately 7-fold expansion is as follows for Comp B, vt 0/v7 = 1.029 for thick-walled cylinders and 1.027 for thin-walled cylinders for 40/40/20 RDX/TNT/AN, v10/v7 = 1.025 for thick-walled cylinders and 1.023 for thin-walled cylinders and for 20/40/40 RDX/TNT/AN, v10/v7 = 1.030 for thick-walled cylinders and 1.022 for thin-walled cylinders... 

Thus from the thin-walled data for Comp B (at a 10-fold expansion) one obtainsy E = 2.96km/sec and E /Q = 0.87. As shown in Section IV (and in particular in Table 5), a tangentially impinging detonation is less effective in propelling incompressible material than a head-on detonation. When this is taken into account (approx 0.87/0.93) E Q if E is based on measurements made at large expansion of the test cylinders... 

In this reaction, 1 mol NH4N03(s), corresponding to a little over 46 cm3 of the solid, produces 3 mol of gas molecules of various kinds, giving a total of about 75 L of gas under normal conditions. The pressure wave from the sudden 1300-fold expansion is the destructive shock of the... 

Figure 7.7. Chromatogram of 5 /n,L rat urine containing fHj-labeled drug and metabolites after injection of 5500 dpm, counted offline with the TopCount system. Inset 20-fold expansion of y axis (Boernsen, 2000).

Fig. 1. Approach to the steady state in the pyrolysis of acetaldehyde time-dependence of (Me) for three temperatures the dotted curve represents a 50-fold expansion of the 400 data calculations of W. J. Probst. From ref. 9.

Park CB, Liu YJ, Naguib HE. Challenge to forty-fold expansion of biodegradable polyester foams using carbon dioxide as a blowing agent. Cell Pol 1999 18 367-384. 

The gas escaping from a cyclone separator may still be at 50 or even 60 bar. Because the fluids are always under relatively high pressure, they do not fully expand. Normally, expansion from 200 bar down to 1 bar results in nearly a 500-fold expansion, from 70 mL/min (at density 0.9+ g/cm ) to 35,000 cm /min (at a density less than 0.002 g/cm ). Expansion down to only 60 bar may only result in a 10-20-fold expansion. This modest expansion and subsequent modest velocities help minimize aerosol formation. 

A numerical solution, based on a linear adsorption isotherm, was performed by Ziller et al. (1985) using a finite difference technique. An example of the numeric results is given in Fig. 4.16. The dramatic drop of the surface concentration at x=L/K is explained by the boundary condition, which assumed a 10-fold expansion of the interface. Due to the complexity of the problem, it seems impossible to derive an analytical solution without further serious simplifications. 

Figatt 162 Dependence of the oitical resolution needed to observe a valley between two adjacent peaks on the relative height of the peaks. The lower curve belongs to the lower axis and the upper curve, to the upper axis. The lower axis is a 20-fold expansion of the upper axis. 

Thus, the polymer industry was born in the mid- 1800 s and emerged from its infancy in late 1930 s to begin the two most spectacular decades of expansion (see Fig. 1). However, as shown in Fig. 2, even today, annual plastic s consumption per capita varies widely, from less than 200 grams (Pakistan) to over 150 kg (Belgium). If the upper limit is near the saturation level, then there is a potential for ten-fold expansion of the plastics industry. 

Fig. 5.13. Comparison of DEI (upper) and El spectra (lower) of the amino acids leucine and lysine. In the leucine DEI spectrum the intensities above m/z 90 are shown in 10-fold expansion. Adapted from Ref. [35] with permission. John Wiley Sons, 1982.

Cell Line Microcarrier Name Materials of Microcarrier Shape Coating Materials on Microcarriers Medium Fold Expansion (Doubling Time ) Longest Culture Time Ref. (Year)... 

Expansion volume is the most critical quality factor for popcorn (Hosney et al. 1983, Pordesimo et al. 1990,1991, Song et al. 1991). The popped volume is important because the commercial buyer purchases the popcorn by weight and sells it by volume. In addition, popcorn texture (tenderness and crispness) is positively correlated with popping volume. Most commercial popcorn has a 30- to 40-fold expansion. 

Popcorn Special type of flint com used since pre-Hispanic times for popping. Today, it is one of the most popular and preferred snack foods throughout the world. Current hybrids have 30-fold to 40-fold expansion. 

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