Foals measurement

Isotonic (0.9%) sodium chloride is used commonly as an intraoperative intravenous (i.v.) replacement fluid in species other than the horse. Isotonic sodium chloride has a higher ratio of chloride to sodium than plasma and, therefore, reduces the strong ion difference and causes mild hyperchloremic acidosis in normal ponies (Gossett et al 1990a). This limits its utility as a resuscitation fluid in the horse, as most horses requiring fluid resuscitation already have acidosis. Isotonic sodium chloride should not be used for resuscitation unless indicated by measured electrolyte abnormalities. A possible exception is in foals with ruptured bladders, which are highly likely to be hypochloremic, hyponatremic and hyperkalemic. 

Clinicopathologic effects of rapid infusion of 5% sodium bicarbonate in 5% dextrose in the horse. Journai of the American Veterinary Medicai Association 178 267-271 Runk D T, Madigan J E, Rahai C J et al 2000 Measurement of plasma colloid osmotic pressure in normal thoroughbred neonatal foals. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 14 475-478... 

The variability associated with drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract can be overcome by using a parenteral preparation (dosage form). It should preferably be administered either by intravenous infusion or slow intravenous injection to avoid circulatory overload. Intraosseous administration is a useful alternative to intravenous injection of some antimicrobial agents (e.g. sodium ampicillin or amoxycillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin or amikacin sulphate) in neonatal foals (Fig. 7.1) (Golenz et al, 1994) and puppies (Lavy et al, 1995). This particularly applies when the neonate is in a state of septic shock and/or dehydration. Total plasma protein concentration is an inaccurate index of hydration status unless monitored (repeatedly measured) and interpreted in conjunction with packed cell volume (PCV). 

Placentas. The placentas of mares grazing E+ tall fescue are thickened, reddish colored, and heavier, with an increased rate of retention than for E— mares (Monroe et al., 1988). Using an Ingstrom meter to measure stress and strain, these E+ placentas appeared to be more resistant to force that would tear them, which partially explains why some foals are unable to break through the thickened placentas (Monroe et al., 1988). Frequently, the foal is presented normally but encased in a tough, thickened chorioallantois membrane, which it cannot break through, and it therefore suffocates unless an attendant is present to cut the chorioallantois immediately. 

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