Fmax Maximum force

The maximum force, Fmax, occurs when dF/d

[Pg.314]

Our method for the acquisition of force-displacement curves is described in details in [32]. Force-displacement curves are acquired following the surface profile and the sample is indented until a maximum force Fmax is reached. 

Fig. 26 a A hole written in PMMA with a single force-displacement curve (scan width 600 nm, z scale 142 nm, 60x60 pixels), b Depth of the carved holes as a function of the maximum force Fmax. The depth is proportional to the maximum force... 

Figure 26 shows a hole carved with FDI (a) and the dependence of the depth of the holes Dfdi on the maximum force Fmax (b). Holes written in FDI are a replica of the form of the tip. Also in this case the holes are surrounded by a border wall that is smaller than the border walls of the holes written in DPL. 

Fig. 28 Dependence of the volume of the holes Vneg (full circles) and of the border walls Vpos (open circles) on Fmax. Both volumes follow a cubic law. For Fmax

If the stress-strain curve of a given material has a shape as sketched in Fig. 24.9, the tensile force in a drawing experiment can be increased to a maximum value Fmax. This force corresponds to the tangent to the curve from the origin. A further increase of the tensile force causes breakage of the specimen. 

Throughout a puncture test, mechanical properties of samples with different moisture content were analyzed. Parameters obtained from these curves were the maximum force required to break the sample (Fmax)/ distance at this point (d) and the ratio force-distance at the break point. The ratio force-distance at the break point (Fmax/rf) is related to the product resistance to fracture or sample firmness (Prothon et al., 2001). The ratio Fmax/d has been represented vs. the moisture content in Figure 63.3, showing a sigmoid relationship, also typical in crispy products (Peleg, 1994). This behavior indicates a decrease from the resistance to deformation with the increment in moisture product content, as a consequence of the plasticizing effect of water. The ratio was adjusted to the Fermi s model... 

Tensile shear strength (adhesive strength), in the sense of this standard, is defined as the maximum force Fmax at the break of the bonded joint in relation to adherend surface A. The adherend surface A results from the test piece width h (25 mm) and the overlap length lu (12.5 mm) ... 

Here it is crucial that the obstacle cannot bear arbitrarily large forces. If Fmax is the maximum force the obstacle can bear, the dislocation can detach... 

In estimating adhesion by reference to the detaching force, we recognize the existence of a minimum force (Fmin )> under which the first few (e.g., [15], 2%) of the particles are removed, and a maximum force (Fmax), under which the majority of the particles are removed (so that, for example, only 2% remain [16]). However, the concept of F in is rather indefinite, while the detachment of the last few particles, especially in air, is quite difficult as a rule, the integral curves of adhesion forces degenerate into a straight line with decreasing adhesion number. In addition to this, there are certain cases in which the valves of Fj in und Fj gx ... 

This gives the relationship between the attractive force between two particles and the maximum surface field intensity. There is a limit to the magnitude that some type of discharge or emission. From data such as those of Earhart (El) one would conclude that Sma% cannot exceed some 100 to 200 V/micron before the particle would discharge... 

Further refinement of this equation was made by Kraus and Mansar (10). They showed that for thin layer adhesive systems the force of release passed through a maximum value where Fmax 1.46 Fs. Under this condition ... 

This relationship apparently holds when %=0/2, and thus the maximum particle weight force, Fmax, with the buoyancy force accounted for is given by... 

The wave force on each wall can be calculated by integrating the wave pressure acting on upwave and downwave sides of the wall. The maximum horizontal wave force Fmax per unit width of the first wall of breakwater is given by... 

Nanoindentation In the nanoindentation technique (Fig. 5.16), with the AFM operating in the force mode the tip is brought into contact with the fiber surface and a force is applied to indent the surface of the nanofiher. The indentation is force-controlled, with a maximum load of Fmax apphed to the sample. For the technique to yield meaningful data, the tip diameter needs to be very much smaller than that of the nanofiher and all data must be... 

In the region of point C, the two parameters F and 8 both attain their maximum (plateau) values, that is, Fmax and 5max respectively. If two particles, carrying such adsorbed chains, overlap, such that h > 28, then there will be (as with electrical double layers) a local build-up of excess osmotic pressure in the overlap zone, leading to a repulsive force this is termed the steric interaction . Again, as with electrical double layer interactions, there are... 

V is the ultrasonic frequency and r is the equilibrium resonant radius of the gas bubble. Once the maximum velocity gradient is known, it is possible to calculate the maximum stretching force Fmax, which a molecule will experience in the flow fieM. According to their validity any equation from Section 6.3 may be used. 

Wettability A wetting balance test assesses the force resulting when a copper wire is immersed in and wetted by a molten solder bath. A large force indicates good wetting, as does a short time to attain a wetting force of zero and a short time to attain a value of two-thirds of the maximum wetting force. Fmax > 300 pN, to < 0.6 sec, t2/3[Pg.669]

---