Flying the Atlantic

The specific series of experiments in which Maddison died was suggested by the Tripartite Conference and authorized by the Air Ministry on 12 February 1953. It was agreed that we had the facilities we should 

Source IWM, Photographic Collection, Method of Application of Nerve Gas on Fore Arm, i8 May 1953. Imperial War Museums (F 519/1-3). 

Source MI, Folder 2B, Exhibit MNJ/30, FTP 399, Percutaneous Toxidty of G-Compounds , 

II January 1954, pp. 267—318 MI, Folder 2H, Wiltshire Constabulary Operation Antler Data to Show ChE % Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Other Relevant Information on Volunteers during GB Tests between 19 January 1953 and 6 May 1953. Prepared by DC Goundry for HM Coroner of Swindon and Wiltshire Mr D Masters, 

The participants were as follows Blood Number 538 (Joyce 29 January) 562 (Sammons, 10 February) 567 (Perry, 16 February) 603 (Moules, 9 March) 618 (Gardiner, 16 March) 632 (Kitchener, 23 March) 655 (McMullen, 30 March) 656 (Willis, 30 March) 708 (Popplewell, 22 April) 702 (Kelly, 27 April)  

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Ellen Ruppel Shell. Resurgence of a Deadly Disease. The Atlantic Monthly. 280, no. 2 (Aug. 1997) 45-60. Source for flying syringes and use of DDT against resurgent malaria epidemics. 

Wallace (1975) calculated absorbed doses to passengers for a round trip, for both subsonic and supersonic transport between various city pairs. Some of these estimates are shown in Table 3.8. Doses for a round trip in supersonic aircraft are approximately 70% of those for subsonic speeds, because of the shorter flying time. However, the dose rates in supersonic aircraft are about twice as high as in subsonic aircraft. For a round trip across the Atlantic, the tissue-absorbed doses in passengers may be estimated to be about 2 10" Gy for an SST and 3 10 Gy for a subsonic aircraft, under average solar conditions. 

Charles Lindbergh flies solo across the Atlantic Ocean. 

Meteorological phenomena will transport airborne contaminants many thousands of kilometres to relatively clean areas. Industrial spherules have been recorded in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean (Folger, 1970) and in Greenland (Hodge et al, 1964) and Antarctic (Fredriksson Martin, 1963 Hodge et al, 1967) ice deposits. Therefore, particles may also be detected in the lake sediments of areas prior to the time of the first local or regional emissions. In these situations, the detection limit of the technique may influence the date at which the presence of fly-ash in the lake sediment record is first observed rather than the date of first deposition (e.g. Rose et al, 1998a). Therefore, in sediments where SCP concentrations are very low, dates for the start of the record should be treated with caution,... 

Wallace realized immediately after arrival on the Isthmus that the harsh terrain and the climate conditions were a serious obstacle to his project. The task ahead of him seemed almost impossible, to dig a canal 80 km long and 10 m below sea level stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. He would have to cut through dense jungle, control parts of the Chagres River, and haul away sections of the Culebra Mountain. Wallace asked for additional time to survey the area, but Roosevelt s directive to Make the dirt fly prevented any further delay. 

May 31, 2009, Atlantic Ocean. Air France Flight 447 departed with 216 passengers on an 11-hour, 5,700-mile trip from Rio de Janeiro to Paris, flying overnight. During the flight, the aircraft encountered some bad weather, but disappeared into the Atlantic Ocean. 

First flight across the Atlantic Charles Lindbergh flies the Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic. He is the first to make a solo, nonstop flight across the ocean. 

X is not zero, and the industry has to accept that the risk is there. And when you count the number of hours that commercial aviation racks up then you have to say that x is out there waiting for someone who is flying a twin across the Atlantic. At some stage they will have both engines failing. (Si3-5)... 

Cost and inconvenience. A fear of flying transformed the early nineteenth-century world in which it took several weeks rather than a few hours to cross the Atlantic. Another good example is the preference for forward-facing public transport, when it has been proven that rearward facing seats could significantly decrease injuries and increase survival rates. 

As part of ITOP, measurements were carried out onboard the flying laboratory Falcon-20 which was able to monitor aerosol concentration and gas traces north of Paris in July-August 2004. Synchronous measurements were made with ground-based aerosol lidar which made it possible to assess the vertical structure of the atmosphere. During these measurements aerosols were detected from Canada and Alaska having crossed the North Atlantic, where at this time there was biomass burning. The Falcon-20 s equipment enabled us to... 

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