Flutter

Is a form of VT with a rate greater than 300 BPM and a sine wave like QRS appearance (Fig. 6.33). 

---

The size of the droplets formed in an aerosol has been examined for a range of conditions important in ICP/MS and can be predicted from an experimentally determined empirical formula (Figure 19.6). Of the two terms in the formula, the first is most important, except at very low relative flow rates. At low relative velocity of liquid and gas, simple droplet formation is observed, but as the relative velocity increases, the stream of liquid begins to flutter and to break apart into long thinner streamlets, which then break into droplets. At even higher relative velocity, the liquid surface is stripped off, and the thin films so-formed are broken down into... 

Reentry mechanism Intranodal (AV node) reentry Extranodal reentry Reentrant tachyarrhythmia Atrial flutter Atrial fibrillation Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular fibrillation Conduction B/ocks ... 

Propranolol. Propranolol hydrochloride, considered the prototype of the P-adrenoceptor blocking agents, has been in use since 1964. It is a nonselective, highly Hpid-soluble P-adrenoceptor blocker having no ISA. It is a mixture of (+) and (—) enantiomers, and the (—) enantiomer is the active moiety. The local anesthetic effects of propranolol are equipotent to those of Hdocaine [137-58-6] C 4H22N20, (see Anesthetics). Therapeutic effects include termination of catecholamine-induced arrhythmias, conversion of SA nodal tachycardias (including flutter and fibrillation) and AV nodal tachyarrhythmias to normal sinus rhythm, digitahs-induced arrhythmias, and ventricular arrhythmias (1,2). The dmg also has cardioprotective properties (37,39). 

Dlgltoxin. Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea. Digitoxin is indicated in the treatment of atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and supraventricular tachycardia. Its electrophysiologic and adverse effects are similar to those described for digoxin (87). 

There are three distinet stall phenomena. Rotating stall and individual blade stall are aerodynamie phenomena. Stall flutter is an aeroelastie phenomenon. 

This phenomenon is caused by self-excitation of the blade and is aero-elastic. It must be distinguished from classic flutter, since classic flutter is a coupled torsional-flexural vibration that occurs when the freestream velocity over a wing or airfoil section reaches a certain critical velocity. Stall flutter, on the other hand, is a phenomenon that occurs due to the stalling of the flow around a blade. 

Blade stall causes Karman vortices in the airfoil wake. Whenever the frequency of these vortices coincides with the natural frequency of the airfoil, flutter will occur. Stall flutter is a major cause of compressor blade failure. 

Blade flutter and rotating stall are problems encountered in the compressor due to poor design or contamination of the blades. Changing blade angles can usually solve the problem however, this adjustment is very... 

Flaser,/. curl, speckle, streak flaw, flaseng, a. curled, speckled, streaked, Flattermine, /, (Mil.) land mine, contact mine, flattern, v.t. flutter, flicker float, wave dangle be flighty. 

Figure 13-5. Compressor valve diagnostics and optimization procedure (A) compressor discharge valve flutter and (B) properly operating discharge valve. (Used by permission Southern Gas Association s Gas Machinery Research Council.)...

Newly developed class III drugs comprise dofetilide, a specific Ik, blocker, and ibutilide, which blocks IKl and activates the slow iNa- Both drugs lack hemodynamic side effects. These drugs are scheduled for the treatment of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. As with class HI drugs, they can induce torsade de pointes arrhythmia. 

The risk of atrial flutter is a 2 1 transmission to the ventricles generating a high ventricular rate. The therapeutic goal is to reduce transmission to 3 1 or 4 1 by administration of either (3-adrenoceptor antagonists, Ca2+ channel blockers or amiodarone. Quinidine must not be used in this arrhythmia, since it accelerates AV-conduction due to its vagolytic effect. 

The clinical indications of cardiac glycosides are tachyarrhythmic atrial fibrillation or flutter, as well as... 

Atrial flutter Rapid contraction of the atria (up to 300 bpm) at a rate too rapid for the ventricles to pump efficiently... 

The uses of the antiarrhythmic drug are given in the Summaiy Drug Table Antiarrhythmic Drug3. In general these drugp are used to prevent and treat cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), ventricular tachycardia (VT), premature atrial contractions (PACs), paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT), atrial fibrillation, and atrial flutter. Some of the antiarrhythmic dru are used for other... 

---