Fluorescent probes, to detect

Setsukinai, K. Urano, Y. Kikuchi, K. Higuchi, T. Nagano, T., Fluorescence switching by o-dearylation of 7-aryloxycoumarins. Development of novel fluorescence probes to detect reactive oxygen species with high selectivity, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 2000, 2453-2457... 

The results obtained are consistent with our hypothesis that the fluorescence properties of fluorescein and BODIPY derivatives are determined by a PeT process from the benzoic acid moiety. This provides a practical strategy for rational design of functional fluorescence probes to detect certain biomolecules and developed probes should be widely useful in biological systems from the point of sensitivity and specificity. 

FISH is a molecular cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes to detect specific DNA sequences on the chromosome. In the case of HER2 FISH, a HER2 probe is used to identify HER2 gene amplification. The probe... 

Although the electrostatic force plays the main role in the interactions of oppositely charged surfactants and polymers, hydrophobicities of polymer and surfactant also play a role. Zana and Benrraou (2000) studied the interaction of two polyelectrolytes PSl and PS4 (copolymers of disodium maleate and methyl or butyl vinyl ether, respectively), and quaternary ammonium bromide surfactants (3-dodecyldimethyl(alkyl)ammonium bromides and two dimeric surfactants of the polymethylene-a,fi)-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium bromide) type). They used the surfactant-binding isotherms method and spectrofluorometry using pyrene as a fluorescent probe to detect the onset of binding. Their results showed that surfactant binding to the polymer is more pronounced when the polymer is more hydrophilic for a given surfactant. 

W. Piao, S. Tsuda, Y. Tanaka, S. Maeda, F. Liu, S. Takahashi, Y. Kushida, T. Komatsu, T. Ueno, T. Terai, T. Nakazawa, M. Uchiyama, K. Morokuma, T. Nagano, and K. Hanaoka, Development of azo-based fluorescent probes to detect dilferent levels of hypoxia, Angew Chem IntEdEngl, 52 (49), 13028-32, 2013. 

Nucleic acid (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)) probes utilize labeled, ie, radioactive, enzymatic, or fluorescent, fragments of DNA or RNA (the probe) to detect complimentary DNA or RNA sequences in a sample. Because the probe is tailored for one specific nucleic acid, these assays are highly specific and very sensitive (45). 

A diagnostic method using fluorescence labeled DNA probes to detect and quantify the number complementary chromosomal sequences on a cellular resolution. A related technique that also allows assessment of gene amplifications, but without precise quantification of copy numbers is the chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Here, instead of a fluorescent dye an enzyme that can generate a colored precipitate in the tissue samples is coupled to the DNA probe. 

FISH. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization a method utilizing fluorescently labeled DNA probes to detect or confirm gene or chromosome abnormalities that are generally beyond the resolution of routine cytogenetics. 

Fluorescent labels, by contrast, can provide tremendous sensitivity due to their property of discrete emission of light upon excitation. Proteins, nucleic acids, and other molecules can be labeled with fluorescent probes to provide highly receptive reagents for numerous in vitro assay procedures. For instance, fluorescently tagged antibodies can be used to probe cells and tissues for the presence of particular antigens, and then detected through the use of fluorescence microscopy techniques. Since each probe has its own fluorescence emission character, more... 

Fluorescently labeled DNA probes can be used for detection, localization, or quantification of target DNA sequences. In situ hybridization mapping of genomic DNA sequences can be done using fluorescent probes to target particular regions within chromosomes. Called FISH for fluorescent in situ hybridization, the technique is used... 

A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, UroVysion, uses fluorescently labeled probes to detect aneu-ploidy of chromosomes 3,7, and 17, and deletion of the 9p21 locus that contains the tumor suppressor pi6, which is the most common alteration seen in urothelial carcinoma. Table 23-13 compares cytology with that of UroVysion for the detection of bladder cancer. 

Compared to nonspecific chemistries such as SybrGreen I dye, a higher level of detection specificity is provided hy using an internal probe to detect the real-time PCR product of interest. In the absence of a specific target sequence present in the reaction, the fluorescent probe is not hybridized, remains quenched, and does not result in an increased fluorescence signal. When the probe hybridizes to the target sequence of interest, the reporter dye is no longer quenched, and fluorescence will be detected. The level of fluorescence detected is related directly to the amount of amphfied product in each PCR cycle. 

As mentioned previously, fluorescence-based detection exhibits the lowest reported detection limits of any detection mode for CE. And while this is true, the effective use of fluorescence detection is contingent upon the ability to induce fluorescence in the analyte of interest with reasonable quantum efficiency. While native fluorescence is appropriate for a number of analytes, many others (including many of biological relevance) are either not intrinsically fluorescent or exhibit low fluorescence quantum yields. As a result, a significant amount of research has been devoted to appropriate labeling methods, whereby a fluorescent moiety is covalently bound to the analyte of interest in order to enable its detection. While attaching fluorescent probes to molecules is not unique to CE, the small sample... 

Ugwumba, I.N., Ozawa, K., de la Cruz, L., Xu, Z.-Q. et al. (2011) Using a genetically encoded fluorescent amino acid as a site-specific probe to detect binding of low-molecular-weight compounds. Assay Drug Dev. Technol, 9, 50- 57. 

Peroxidized lipids and proteins in lysosomes of the brain cells are reported to result in Alzheimer disease. In this regard, the imaging of H2O2 in lysosomes is important however, it is still very challenging. Recently, Yin and Yoon et at reported a naphthalimide derivative 40 as a selective fluorescent probe for detection of H2O2 in lysosomes, in which a /7-dihydroxyborylbenzyloxy-carbonyl moiety and a morpholine moiety were introduced as a transponder... 

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