Fluorescence resonance energy transfer acceptors

Medintz, I. L., S. A. Trammell, H. Mattoussi, and J. M. Mauro. Reversible modulation of quantum dot photoluminescence using a protein-bound photochromic fluorescence resonance energy transfer acceptor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 30-31 (2004). 

When the proteins are in close proximity the Europium-cryptate emission can be absorbed by the acceptor (such as allophycocyanin [APC], or XL) which emits at a higher wavelength. When the two proteins are far apart, no fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) occurs. 

Giordano L, Jovin TM, Irie M, Jares-Erijman EA (2002) Diheteroarylethenes as thermally stable photoswitchable acceptors in photochromic fluorescence resonance energy transfer (pcFRET). J Am Chem Soc 124 7481-7489... 

Selvin, P. R., Ha, T., Enderle, T., Ogletree, D. F., Chemla, D. S. and Weiss, S. (1996). Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between a single donor and a single acceptor molecule. Biophys. J. 70, Wp302-Wp302. 

Sapsford, K. E., Berti, L. and Medintz, I. L. (2006). Materials for fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis Beyond traditional donor-acceptor combinations. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 4562-4588. 

The term filterFRET here refers to intensity-based methods for calculating fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from sets of images of the preparation collected at different excitation and/or emission wavelength. The term is not intended to imply that interference filters are actually present in the setup very similar considerations apply when donor- and acceptor fluorophores are spectrally resolved by other means, such as monochromators or spectral detectors. 

Gu, Y., Di, W. L., Kelsell, D. P. and Zicha, D. (2004). Quantitative fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurement with acceptor photobleaching and spectral unmixing. J. Microsc. 215, 162-73. 

Karpova, T. S., Baumann, C. T., He, L., Wu, X., Grammer, A., Lipsky, P., Hager, G. L. and McNally, J. G. (2003). Fluorescence resonance energy transfer from cyan to yellow fluorescent protein detected by acceptor photobleaching using confocal microscopy and a single laser. J. Microsc. 209, 56-70. 

Van Munster, E. B., Kremers, G. J., Adjobo-Hermans, M. J. and Gadella, T. W., Jr. (2005). Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurement by gradual acceptor photobleaching. J. Microsc. 218, 253-62. 

Clapp A.R., Mendintz I.L., Mauro J.M., Fisher B.R., Bawendi M.G., Mattoussi H. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Between Quantum Dot Donors and Dye-Labeled Protein Acceptors,./. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004 126 301-310. 

The sensor for the measurement of high levels of CO2 in gas phase was developed, as well90. It was based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer between 0 long-lifetime ruthenium polypyridyl complex and the pH-active disazo dye Sudan III. The donor luminophore and the acceptor dye were both immobilized in a hydrophobic silica sol-gel/ethyl cellulose hybrid matrix. The sensor exhibited a fast and reversible response to carbon dioxide over a wide range of concentrations. 

An increase in sensitivity and reliability of chip analysis can also be achieved by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). For this purpose both the probe and the target are labeled with a fluorophor. When the emission spectrum of the donor, e.g. Cy5, overlaps with the absorption spectrum of the acceptor, e.g. Cy5.5, and the donor and the acceptor are at a certain distance from each other, energy is transferred from the donor to the acceptor on excitation of the donor fluorophor. 

Sapsford KE, Berti L, Medintz IL (2006) Materials for fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis beyond traditional donor—acceptor combinations. Angew Chem Int Ed 45 4562-4588... 

What mechanisms can be used to create a lifetime-based glucose sensor In our opinion, the mechanism should be fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The phenomenon of FRET results in transfer of the excitation from a donor fluorophore to an acceptor chromophore, which need not itself be fluorescent. FRET is a through-space interactor which occurs over distances of 20-60 A. 

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer has also been used for ionic strength measurements.(95) Fluorescein labeled dextran (donor) and polyethyleneimine-Texas Red (acceptor) were placed behind a dialysis membrane. The polymer association is ionic strength dependent and the ratio of intensities (F o/Fw) was used as the measured parameter. Since both the donor and acceptor are fluorescent, this kind of sensor may allow expand the sensitive ionic strength range by shifts in observation wavelength, as was discussed for pH probe Carboxy SNAFL-2 (see Section 10.3). 

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) occurs when the excited state energy is transferred from a donor (D) to an acceptor (A). In general, probes containing two separate molecules can be synthesized, a fluorophore (D) and an analyte-sensitive acceptor (A) as shown below ... 

FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) Several Proximity event measured by radiationless energy transfer between donor and acceptor fluorophores followed by photon emission by the latter... 

Here the chromophores can be farther apart (10-100 A long-range interactions) since this mechanism does not require any overlapping of orbitals. The Forster radius designates the distance between donor and acceptor at which the efficiency of energy transfer amounts to exactly 50%. Half of the excited donor molecules are then deactivated by fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and the other 50% by fluorescence or phosphorescence. 

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