Fluorescence energy transfer studies

Paulsen, H., and Wintermeyer, W. (1986). tRNA topography during translocation Steady-state and kinetic fluorescence energy-transfer studies. Biochemistry 25, 2749-2756. 

Mitsui, T Nakano, H. Yamana, K. Coumarin-fluorescein pair as a new donor-acceptor set for fluorescence energy transfer study of DNA. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000,41, 2605-2608. 

Scouten, W. H. De Graaf-Hess, A. C. De Kok, A. Grande, H. J. Visser, A. J. W. G. Veeger, C. Fluorescence energy-transfer studies on the pymvate dehydrogenase complex isolated from Azotobacter vinelandii. Eur. J. Biochem 1978,84,17-25. 

Sinev, M., Landsmann, P., Sineva, E., Ittah, V. and Haas, E. (2000). Design consideration and probes for fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies. Bioconjug. Chem. 11, 352-362. 

The upgrade of a frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope (FLIM) to a prismless objective-based total internal reflection-FLIM (TIR-FLIM) system is described. By off-axis coupling of the intensity-modulated laser from a fiber and using a high numerical aperture oil objective, TIR-FLIM can be readily achieved. The usefulness of the technique is demonstrated by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer study of Annexin A4 relocation and two-dimensional crystal formation near the plasma membrane of cultured mammalian cells. Possible future applications and comparison to other techniques are discussed. 

Silvius, J. R. and Nabi, I. R. (2006). Fluorescence-quenching and resonance energy transfer studies of lipid microdomains in model and biological membranes. Mol. Membr. Biol. 23, 5-16. 

Hutterer, R., Kramer, K., Schneider, F. W. and Hof, M. (1997). The localization of the local anesthetic tetracaine in phospholipid vesicles a fluorescence quenching and resonance energy transfer study, Chem. Phys. Lipids, 90, 11-23. 

In this section we will briefly outline the theory of fluorescence energy transfer as applied to the study of the more simple case of the surface distribution of acceptor and donor in the same plane. A number of theories for interpretation of fluorescence energy transfer data have been developed for more complex situations which cannot be elaborated here due to space limitations however, these are referred to where appropriate. 

Fluorescence energy transfer has been used to examine the distribution of bacteriorhodopsin in lipid vesicles using energy transfer from DPH to the acceptor retinal.(87) It was pointed out that care must be taken in fluorescence anisotropy studies if the fluorescence lifetime of a probe is decreased by energy transfer (in this case to retinal) since a shorter lifetime will lead to an erroneously high anisotropy value. 

In 1994 and 1995, two crystal structures of hammerhead ribozymes [31,32] and a structural analysis based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies [41] were published. In case of the crystal structure analyses, both ribozyme variants contained certain modifications that had been introduced to avoid self-cleavage [31,32]. In one case a DNA-analog of the substrate oligonucleotide was used [31], in the other case the all-RNA substrate contained a I -O-CR modification at the attacking 2 -OH group to avoid cleavage in the crystal [32] for reviews see [8,42,43]. 

The a-diketones show both phosphorescence and fluorescence emission, not only in a glass at 77°K but also in fluid solutions at room temperature, a property which has made these compounds useful in energy transfer studies.25-28 Fluorescence, however, is quite weak with intersystem crossing and decay through the triplet state being the principle mode of decay. The absolute fluorescence yields of biacetyl and benzil in solution are reported to be 0.22% and 0.27%, respectively, while the measured phosphorescence yield... 

It is of some importance to note that on spectral plates taken using continuous excitation the emissions from the 5Z)1 level are extremely faint. As Bhaumik points out, the time-resolved spectral technique is of great value in energy-transfer studies and is also useful at times in obtaining spectra of short-lived states whose emissions would normally be obscured by other more intense fluorescences. Clearly, it is of value in ascertaining the particular state from which a group of lines originates. 

Salicylates.—In the course of his intramolecular energy transfer studies (p. 130) on europium chelates Weissman 630 prepared the 3-nitro and 5-nitro salicylate complexes. He was one of the first to demonstrate the phenomena of intramolecular energy transfer (IMET) from the coordinated ligands to the central rare earth ions giving characteristic fluorescence of the metal ions. However, no analytical data on these compounds are available. 

Experimental techniques for determining distances must be employed to establish the structure of the active site components of glutamine synthetase. Techniques that are available for these studies are x-ray crystallography, EPR, NMR, and fluorescence energy transfer. All approaches are currently being employed to study the structure and function of this metalloenzyme. 

Norman, D. G., Grainger, R. J., Uhrin, D., and Lilley, D. M. J. (2000). The location of Cyanine-3 on double-stranded DNA importance for fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies. Biochemistry 39, 6317-6324. 

Maliwal, B.P., Kusba, J. and Lakowicz, J. R. (1995). Fluorescence energy transfer in one dimension Frequency-domain fluorescence study of DNA-fluorophore complex. Biopolymers, 35,245-255. 

Floyd, D. H., Geva, A., Bruinsma, S. P., Overton, M. C., Blumer, K.J., and Baranski, T. J. (2003). C5a receptor oligomerization. II. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies of a human G protein-coupled receptor expressed in yeast. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 35354-35361. 

In the case of fluorescent monomers, monitoring the change of fluorescence upon association directly yields the equihbrium constant [149,182]. Alternatively, it is possible to label the monomer with a suitable excimer forming chromophore [24] or with a pair of chromophores for fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies [200]. The clear advantage of fluorescence... 

From the mere fact that CF, can be released from the membrane by EDTA treatment and the enzyme stays in solution without detergents, it is apparent that the catalytic sector has minimal, if any, direct interaction with the lipids of the chloroplast membrane. It is a globular protein that is held to the surface of the membrane via interaction with the membrane sector. Recently it was shown that the y subunit is in immediate contact with the membrane sector and the 8 and e subunits may induce proper binding for catalysis [17,18], The enzyme contains a few well-defined sites that were used for localization experiments by the method of fluorescent energy transfer [19,56-61], These studies revealed the position of those sites and helped to localize the various subunits of CF, in space relative to the chloroplast membranes (for a model of CF, see Refs. 61 and 62). These experiments are awaiting analysis of the amino acid sequence of the y subunit that is now under investigation in Herrmann s laboratory [148], Definite structural analysis could be obtained only after good crystals of the enzyme become available. 

Rice KG. Preparation of fluorescent glycoconjugates for energy-transfer studies. Methods Enzymol. 1994 247 30-43. 

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