Fluid catalytic cracking technique

A. P. Kreuding, "Power Recovery Techniques as AppHed to Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit Regenerator Flue Gas," presented at 79thFEChE... 

Fluid catalytic cracking and hydrocracking are two additional processes that are often encountered. There are many other processes used in refineries not mentioned here. The list above is intended only to emphasize the wide diversity of processing which is common to petroleum refinuig and to introduce in a very general way some of the more important of these processes. Also it must be emphasized that only fundamental principles of refinery operations have been discussed and modern manufacturing techniques vary widely from company to company. 

While these techniques have been applied to energy-related processes such as heat-integrated distillation columns and fluid catalytic cracking reactors, there is still extensive research required before the concept of plant design/control is reduced to practice. 

Suib et at. (25, 254) reported the different effects of nickel and vanadium on the catalytic activity and selectivity for the fluid catalytic cracking by a photoluminescence technique and showed that the method is useful in predicting the catalyst deactivation caused by the deposition of metals on surfaces. The activity of the catalyst decreases monotonically with increasing vanadium content. With 1.5 wt% of V, the catalystad lost most of its activity, and with 2.0 wt% of V it became almost completely inactive. Such a deactivation of the catalyst was irreversible, with the extent being closely associated with the surface area covered with vanadium. Moreover, the extent of the deactivation was found to depend on the aging temperature, which was accelerated when aging was carried out under the same conditions normally sized in hydrothermal reactions. 

The use of CeOs-based materials in catalysis has attracted considerable attention in recent years, particularly in applications like environmental catalysis, where ceria has shown great potential. This book critically reviews the most recent advances in the field, with the focus on both fundamental and applied issues. The first few chapters cover structural and chemical properties of ceria and related materials, i.e. phase stability, reduction behaviour, synthesis, interaction with probe molecules (CO. O2, NO), and metal-support interaction — all presented from the viewpoint of catalytic applications. The use of computational techniques and ceria surfaces and films for model catalytic studies are also reviewed. The second part of the book provides a critical evaluation of the role of ceria in the most important catalytic processes three-way catalysis, catalytic wet oxidation and fluid catalytic cracking. Other topics include oxidation-combustion catalysts, electrocatalysis and the use of cerium catalysts/additives in diesel soot abatement technology. 

This technique has been applied quite successfully to reaction processes in the petroleum industry including fluid catalytic cracking units and catalytic reformers. 

We have in our files about 500 published papers that report studies or contain kinetic equations of deactivation of solid catalysts of which about 50 contain kinetic equations of deactivation of the catalysts for the FCC (fluid catalytic cracking) process. Thus, much could be said on the subject especially since each author in the field uses his own approach and experimental technique. In addition, the literature used is different from one author to another which, in turn, makes possible a lot of different bases and approaches. Thus, for the FCC process each author and oil company lend to use their own model and kinetics, making it difficult to arrive at new approaches and optimum parameters of deactivation, especially if one is already comfortable with an approach and its corresponding parameters. 

FCC Network, The, http //www.thefccnetwork.com/ (accessed July 23, 2010). An online network covering fluid catalytic cracking and related petroleum refining processes. Registrar ion is free, and includes access to a monthly newsletter, technical papers and catalyst reports, tips and techniques for troubleshooting, tools and strategies for FCC performance optimization, and submission of questions to an advisory panel. 

Although the fluid-solids technique was originally developed for use in catalytic cracking, it is also being applied to other processes (156). 

Catalytic cracking to make high-octane gasoline was the first application of the new Fluidized Solids technique, and provided the impetus for commercial development. Since then, a great many other applications have been explored and many of them carried through to commercial use. Table 4 lists some of these. Fluid coking, as one example, fluidizes particles that are coated with a sticky liquid. 

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