Flower diversity

Endress, P. K. (1999). Symmetry in flowers -diversity and evolution. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 160, S3-S23. 

Why not visit a mineral collection Their wealth and diversity makes them the flowers of the mineral kingdom. 

Akerstrom, B., Flower, D. R. and Salier, J. R (2000) Lipocalins unity in diversity. Biochim. Bio-phys. Acta 1482, 1-8. 

While trees, shrubs, fruit trees and bushes, and even vegetables see p.222) can be grown in containers, there is a special case for using herbaceous flowering plants to fill pots and tubs, especially if you live in the city. Wildlife often struggles to find a home, or even a "pit stop," in the urban jungle, and even the smallest courtyard filled with a diversity of flowers is of immense value. 

This family takes its botanical name, Brassicaceae, from the genus—Brassica—to which so many of its members belong. This diverse group, which includes annuals, biennials, and perennials, would all, ultimately, produce the same, characteristic flower, with the four petals arranged in a cross (another name for this family is Cruciferae). The same four-petal arrangement can be seen in ornamental members of the brassica family, such as wallflowers. 

This is a diverse group of crops with a range of flavors. The family likeness appears when they flower—tiny individual flowers are produced in creamy white, umbrella-shaped flowerheads, known as umbels, very like those of their relations cow parsley and bronze fennel. They are very attractive to beneficial insects. 

The functions of phenylpropanoid derivatives are as diverse as their structural variations. Phenylpropanoids serve as phytoalexins, UV protectants, insect repellents, flower pigments, and signal molecules for plant-microbe interactions. They also function as polymeric constituents of support and surface structures such as lignins and suberins [1]. Therefore, biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids has received much interest in relation to these functions. In addition, the biosynthesis of these compounds has been intensively studied because they are often chiral, and naturally occurring samples of these compounds are usually optically active. Elucidation of these enantioselective mechanisms may contribute to the development of novel biomimetic systems for enantioselective organic synthesis. 

The Garden of the Wise has an abundance of diverse flowers, / But the gate itself shall be always sealed with strong bolts / Only one thing, itself of little value, is to be found in the world to provide the key to it. 

Food and feed additives do not stand back with regard to the diversity of products. They extend from minerals, mainly calcium, phosphorus, and potassium, to amino acids, vitamins and natural spices. All in all, there are several hundred individual compounds used as feed and food additives. The most expensive product is saffron, made from the stigmas of the saffron crocus flower. The yearly production amounts to about 700,000 kg, and the spice is retailing for about 2500/kg. Amino acids play a big role the largest product is monosodium glutamate (MSG), with a yearly production of 1.5-2 million tons and a price of about 2.30 per kilogram, followed by L-lysine (850,000 tons/ 1.50/kg), D,L-methionine (600,000 tons/ 3/kg), L-threonine (85,000 tons, 3.40/kg), and L-tryptophane (1750 tons/ 24/kg). Major producers of... 

Dangles, O., Saito, N., and Brouillard, R., Kinetic and thermodynamic control of flavylium hydration in the pelargonidin-cinnamic acid complexation. Origin of the extraordinary flower color diversity of Pharbitis nil, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 3125, 1993. 

Mass spectrometry is well suited to GA analysis and is much more selective and sensitive than many methods used to analyze GAs. In our study of tubers from four wild potato species and three cultivars, about 100 GAs were tentatively identified (Shakya and Navarre, unpublished results). This number of GAs was unexpected, especially when considering only seven genotypes were analyzed and that only tubers were used, which have much lower GA concentrations than leaves, sprouts, flowers, or leaves. Consequently, potatoes may have a much greater diversity of GAs... 

St. John s wort and some individual constituents of the preparations have been administered orally, topically, and intravenously in various pharmaceutical formulations, including tinctures, teas, capsules, purified components, and tablets. These botanical preparations of St. John s wort are prepared from plant components (i.e., flowers, buds, and stalk) whose content of the wide array of structurally diverse bioactive constituents may differ (Table 1 and Fig. 2). Many commercial tablet and capsule formulations of St. John s wort are standardized using the ultraviolet absorbance of the naphtho-dianthrones, hypericin, and pseudohypericin, to contain 0.3% hypericin content. Thus, a 300 mg dose of St. John s wort contains approximately 900 pg hypericin per dose. Despite the standardization of dosage forms... 

Endress, P. K. (1990). Diversity and Evolutionary Biology of Tropical Flowers. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 

Baker ME. Genealogy of regulation of human sex and adrenal function, prostaglandin action, snapdragon and petunia flower colors, antibiotics, and nitrogen fixation functional diversity from two ancestral dehydrogenases. Steroids 56 1991 354-360. 

Adams KL, Palmer JD (2003) Evolution of mitochondrial gene content gene loss and transfer to the nucleus. Mol Phylogenet Evol 29 380-395 Adams KL, Daley DO, Qiu YL, Whelan J, Palmer JD (2000) Repeated, recent and diverse transfers of a mitochondrial gene to the nucleus in flowering plants. Nature 408 354-357... 

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