Flow injection analysis theory

Y.-S. Li, Y. Narusawa, Zone circulating flow-injection analysis theory, Anal. Chim. Acta 289 (1994) 355. 

The following resources provide additional information on the theory and application of flow injection analysis. 

Ruzicka, J. and Hansen, E.H. (1978) Flow Injection Analysis Part X, Theory, technique and trends, Analytica Chimica Acta, (1978) 99 37. 

J. Ruzicka, E.H. Hansen, Flow injection analysis. PartX. theory, techniques and trends, Anal. Chim. Acta 99 (1978) 37. 

FIGURE 5.11 Recorded peaks for different sample injected volumes. X — sample volumetric fraction S — injection instant. The recording tracings correspond to loop-based injections of 59,108,206,403 and 795 pL into a single line flow injection system. Adapted from Anal. Chim. Acta 99 (1978) 37, ]. Ruzicka, E.H. Hansen, Flow injection analysis. Part X. Theory, techniques and trends, with permission from Elsevier (Ref. [80]). 

The flow injection analysis (FIA) response curve is a result of two processes, both kinetic in nature the physical process of dispersion of the sample zone within the carrier stream and the chemical process of formation of a chemical species. These two processes occur simultaneously, and they yield, together with the dynamic characteristics of the detector, the FIA response curve. Simultaneous dispersion and chemical reaction have been studied in flow systems as used in chemical reaction engineering and in chromatography, and, therefore, the theories of these two areas are related to the theory of FIA. This is why most papers about FIA theory have adopted, as a starting point, the classical theory of flow in tubular conduits, with the intention of developing mathematical expressions for peak broadening, mean residence time, and fractional conversion of the analyte to a detectable product. 

A. U. Ramsing, J. Rfiii6ka, and E. H. Hansen, The Principles and Theory of High-Speed Titrations by Flow Injection Analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta, 129 (1981) 1. 

J. RfliiCka, Theory and Principles of Flow Injection Analysis. Anal. Proc., 18 (1981) 267. 

Bo Olsson, H. Lundback, G. Johansson, F. Scheller, and J. Nentwig, Theory and Application of Diffusion-Limited Amperometric Enzyme Electrode Detection in Flow Injection Analysis of Glucose. Anal. Chem., 58 (1986) 1046. 

See also Amperometry. Atomic Emission Spectrometry Flame Photometry. Chemiiuminescence Overview Liquid-Phase. Flow Injection Analysis Principles. Fluorescence Quantitative Analysis. Ion Exchange Ion Chromatography Instrumentation. Liquid Chromatography Overview. Ozone. Sampling Theory. Sulfur. Textiles Natural Synthetic. 

See also Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Principles and Instrumentation. Chemiluminescence Overview. Chromatography Overview. Flow Injection Analysis Principles Instrumentation. Ion-Selective Electrodes Overview. Quality Assurance Quality Control Reference Materials. Sample Handling Sample Preservation. Sampling Theory. Water Analysis Overview Organic Compounds. Water Determination. 

Wujian Miao illustrated a time line of various events in the development of ECL till 2002 (Fig. 1.3) [1]. As the time went on, this field attracted bulk of people to do research on ECL basic theory, emitters, mechanisms, applications, etc. Hence, advancements in the area of ECL increased exponentially over more than 45 years. After a long journey of almost half a century, ECL has now grown to be an incredibly potent analytical technique and been extensively used in many areas, such as criminology, forensic, environment, biomedical, biowarfare agent detection immunoassay [3], etc. This technique has also been effectively employed as a detector of flow injection analysis (FIA), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and micro total analysis (pTAS) [13]. 

Systems with forced liquid-flow With regard to the wide extension of flow injection analysis (FIA) voltammetry theories in these systems have been vigorously elaborated. A series of papers devoted to the theory of chemical kinetic measurements at the wall-jet electrodes (WJE) (cf. paragraph 8.2.2 in chapter 2 of this volume, has recently been published by the Oxford group [69, 70-72]. The working curve for the normalized half-wave potential enables the chemical rate constant in the ErevCirr mechanism [70] to be evaluated. For the same purpose the dependence of an effective number of electrons involved in the catalytic EQat mechanism has been published in [71]. A comparison of WJE and RDE [69] shows the difference in accessibility between both electrode... 

Rosenbaum EE, Hatzikiriakos SG (1997) Wall slip in the capillary flow of molten polymers subject to viscous heating. AICKE J 43 598-608 Rubin II (1972) Injection molding-theory and practice. Wiley, New York Santhanam N, Chiang HH, Himasekhar K, Tuschak P, Wang KK (1991) Postmolding and load-induced deformation analysis of plastic parts in the injection molding process. Adv Polym Tech 11 77-89... 

Aldstadt, J.H., Olson, D.C., Wolcott, D.K., Marshal, G.D., and Steig, S.W., Flow and sequential injection analysis techniques in process analysis. In R.A. Meyers (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 15 Applications, Theory and Instrumentation, John Wiley Sons, New York, 2000. 

The time that a molecule spends in a reactive system will affect its probability of reacting and the measurement, interpretation, and modeling of residence time distributions are important aspects of chemical reaction engineering. Part of the inspiration for residence time theory came from the black box analysis techniques used by electrical engineers to study circuits. These are stimulus-response or input-output methods where a system is disturbed and its response to the disturbance is measured. The measured response, when properly interpreted, is used to predict the response of the system to other inputs. For residence time measurements, an inert tracer is injected at the inlet to the reactor, and the tracer concentration is measured at the outlet. The injection is carried out in a standardized way to allow easy interpretation of the results, which can then be used to make predictions. Predictions include the dynamic response of the system to arbitrary tracer inputs. More important, however, are the predictions of the steady-state yield of reactions in continuous-flow systems. All this can be done without opening the black box. 

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