Detection biowarfare agent

Wujian Miao illustrated a time line of various events in the development of ECL till 2002 (Fig. 1.3) [1]. As the time went on, this field attracted bulk of people to do research on ECL basic theory, emitters, mechanisms, applications, etc. Hence, advancements in the area of ECL increased exponentially over more than 45 years. After a long journey of almost half a century, ECL has now grown to be an incredibly potent analytical technique and been extensively used in many areas, such as criminology, forensic, environment, biomedical, biowarfare agent detection immunoassay [3], etc. This technique has also been effectively employed as a detector of flow injection analysis (FIA), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and micro total analysis (pTAS) [13]. 

Keywords Clinical diagnostics Biowarfare agent detection Pharmaceutical analysis Environmental analysis Immunoassays DNA biosensor Aptasensor... 

Use of optical fiber biosensors for real-time detection of biowarfare agents (BWA) especially those of bacterial cells, toxins, or spores in the air, soil, or environment has been investigated by the Naval Research Laboratory (Taitt et al, 2005). In addition, many laboratories are also employing fiber optic biosensors for detection of wide varieties of foodbome pathogens, which are discussed below. 

A novel genetically engineered B-cell-based sensor was developed to detect various pathogens relevant to food safety and biowarfare agents (Rider et ah, 2003). The B-cells were engineered to express cytosolic aequ-orin, a calcium-sensitive bioluminescent protein, and pathogen-specific... 

Haynes, C.L, Yonzon, C.R., Zhang, X., and Van Duyne, R.P. (2005) Surface-enhanced Raman sensors early history and the development of sensors for quantitative biowarfare agent and glucose detection. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 36, 471-484. 

Advanced Ion-trap mass spectrometry Bioaerosol Detector System based on Aerogel UV Fluoresence Detection of BW Agents on Surfaces Parallel Micro Separations-based Detection (PMSD) Taqman PCR-based BW assays Automated Nucleic Acid Extractor Deployable diagnostic kit for biowarfare agents... 

Most recently, researchers have begun using these chips to conduct immunoassays. An immunoassay is a test that measures the level of a substance in a bio-sample, typically serum or urine, using the specific binding reaction of an antibody or antibodies to its antigen. LOCs have been used to detect protein markers for vasculitis and cancer (Table 2,1st and 7th rows) [15,16] at LODs in the 100 nM range. They have also been used to detect E. coli and BTK - a biowarfare agent simulant (Table 3, 5th row) [7]. 

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