Potential flow generated

However, this is not likely to be the case. In this example, the two boilers might have different fuels, with different fuel costs and different efficiencies, and the gas turbine (perhaps, with supplementary firing) will have completely different characteristics from the steam boilers. Thus, there are degrees of freedom created by multiple steam generation devices with different costs of fuels, different boiler efficiencies and different power generation potential. Individual steam boilers and HRSGs will have minimum and maximum flows. 

The power-generating potential of a water-dominated resource depends on the geothermal fluid temperature and production flow rate (Fig. 2). The figure gives the net power output, which accounts for parasitic loads caused by the condenser and feed pump power requirements. The output power from two-phase water-steam or steam alone is much greater than the curves shown for liquid in Fig. 2. 

Activation over-potential due to the activation energy - the current flow generates an electrochemical loss that is translated into a heat source. 

As in most cells, the osteocytic plasma membrane contains voltage-activated ion channels, and transmembrane ion flow may be a significant osseous mechanotransductive process [24, 162, 51, 90], It is also possible that such ionic flow generates osteocytic action potentials, capable of transmission through gap junctions [183],... 

Several investigators [159, 115, 108] have examined other aspects of the lacunar-canalicular porosity using simple circular pore models and have attempted to analyze its possible physiological importance. These studies have primarily emphasized the importance of the convective flow in the canaliculi between the lacunae as a way of enhancing the supply of nutrients between neighboring osteocytes. Previous studies on the relaxation of the excess pore pressure have been closely tied to the strain generated potentials (SGPs) associated with bone fluid motion. The SGP studies are briefly reviewed below. 

Again, the potential dipole exerts zero net force on the fluid. Physically, it corresponds to a mass dipole at the origin - that is, the flow generated by a mass source at x = 6/2 and a mass sink at x = -6/2 in the limit 161 - 0. 

Electrospray is viewed as the most versatile ionization technique for neutral compounds and ions in solution, and at the same time a general-purpose interface for LC-MS [14-24]. In electrospray ions are formed in solution and then transferred to the gas phase. This differs from APCI where neutral molecules are first transferred to the gas phase and then ionized by gas-phase ion-molecule reactions. The heart of the electrospray source is a metal capillary through which the sample solution flows. A potential of 3-6 kV is applied to the capillary forming a spray of fine droplets directed towards a counter electrode with a sampling orifice located about 1-3 cm from the capillary tip. A positive potential is applied to the capillary to generate positive ions, and a negative potential for negative ions. To accommodate different liquid flow rates droplet formation is assisted by optimization of the orifice diameter of the capillary sprayer, the use of a coaxial gas flow, and heat to increase the rate of solvent evaporation. 

Steam letdown valves are used to give steam supply flexibility and temperature control. However, letdown steam represents lost opportunity for power generation. Steam balance optimization could minimize the letdown steam flow and henee reduee the loss in power-generating potential. 

Electro-osmosis is another electrokinetic phenomenon-in which an electric field is applied across a charged porous membrane or a slit of two charged nonporous membranes (see figure IV - 31). Due to the applied potential difference an electric current will flow and water molecules will flow with the ions (electro-osmotic flow) generating a pressure difference. As can be derived from nonequilibrium thermodynamics (sec chapter V) the following equation can be obtained indicating that both phenomena, electro-osmose and streaming potential, are similar... 

Early studies concentrated on dry bone and because collagen s piezoelectrieity was described as nearly zero with 45% moisture content, there were doubts that wet bone could, in fact, behave as a piezoelectric material, but further studies confirmed it in fact does (Fukada and Yasuda, 1957 Marino and Becker, 1974 Reinish and Nowick, 1975). Some of the published studies reinforce the importance of fluid flow as the main mechanism for stress generated potentials in bone, and piezoelectricity s role was, and still is, quite unknown (Pienkowski and Pollack, 1983). 

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