Kent-Jones

Unlike the other tests in this section the grade colour is not a performance test but is a test of the whiteness of flour. The Kent-Jones and Martin colour grade is measured by comparing the reflecting power of a dispersion of flour in water with a standard reference surface. A few patent flours give a negative colour grade, which merely indicates that they are whiter than the reference. 

Kent-Jones, pp. 120-32. Improving Baking Quality by Physical Means. 

Kent-Jones, D. W., and Amos, A. J., Modern Cereal Chemistry, 4th ed., Liverpool, Northern Publishing Co., 1947. 

Flour is opaque and its whiteness is due to nonselective diffuse surface reflectance. There has not been such interest, internationally, tince the world market is for the whole grain, rather than flour. Thus the professional group in the United States (American Association of Cereal Chemists) has no committee on the measurement of flour color, although collaborative studies have been made on methods for determining the yellow pigment content—chiefly carotenoid in nature—of wheat flour. This lies outside the realm of the present review. Four main factors determine flour color, according to Kent-Jones (1952) ... 

Kaye, W., and Devaney, R. G. 1952. An automatic relative transmission attachment for the Beckman Model DV Spectrophotometer. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 42, 567. Kent-Jones, D. W. 1952. Measurement of flour color as affected by grade. Trans. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chemists 10, 61. 

The technique of the micro-analytical procedure is dealt with at length in the U.S. Food and Drug Technical Bulletin No. D and the A.O.A.C, but a method suitable for cereals and adaptable to other farinaceous products has been fully described by Kent-Jones, Amos, Elias, Bradshaw and Thackray. This procedure retains rodent hair, insect fragments and even mould fragments without losing their distinctive microscopic features. For the extraction and collection of extraneous matter the following procedure is recommended ... 

The separated and collected extraneous matter is examined microscopically and counted, normally at a magnification of 35 to 70. It is convenient to work at a magnification of about 50 (although 35 would suffice) and a field of view of about 3 mm. With an ordinary microscope this is obtained with a 1-inch objective and a X 8 eyepiece some sort of mechanical stage is also desirable. Since the most important factor is the number of rodent hairs reported, only typical rodent hairs should be reported as such photographs are given by Kent-Jones et al. ... 

Chappelle, M.R., Kent, B.B., Jones, J.R., Lu, S.Y. and Morgan, A.D., Development of combined microwave-enhanced labelling procedures for maximising deuterium incorporation, Tetrahedron Lett., 2002, 43, 5117— 5118. 

Jones CE, Faulkner DL, Kent GN, Bhagat Cl, Nicholson GC, Jamrozik K. A randomized trial of sodium fluoride (60 mg) +/— estrogen in postmenopausal osteoporotic vertebral fractures increased vertebral fractures and peripheral bone loss with sodium fluoride concurrent estrogen prevents peripheral loss, but not vertebral fractures Osteoporos Int 2002 13(2) 158-70. 

This research was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant CPE 8304381, the Department of Planning and Economic Development of the State of Hawaii, and the Coral Industries Endowment. The authors thank Dr. Maria Burka (NSF), Kent Keith and Dr. Tak Yoshihara (DPED), and David Chalmers (Coral Industries) for their interest in this work. The authors also thank William Mok for his continuing assistance with the flow reactor, Dr. A1 i Tabatabaie-Raissi, and Professor Maitland Jones (Princeton) for many stimulating discussions. The comments of the reviewers were appreciated. 

Barry C. Jones Pfizer Global Research Development, Kent, U.K. 

Jones, R.G., Ed., Silicon-containing polymers (Proceedings of an RSC Macro Group Symposium, University of Kent, 1994), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, MA, 1995. 

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