Flood stress

Liao C-T., Lin C-H. Physiological adaptation of crop plants to flooding stress. Proceedings of the National Science Council, Republic of China (B) 2001 25(3) 148-157. 

Subbaiah CC., Sachs MM. Molecular and cellular adaptations of maize to flooding stress. Annals of Botany 2003 91(2) 119-127. 

Design equations are given in Volume 6, Chapter 12, for condensation both inside and outside horizontal and vertical tubes, and the importance of avoiding flooding in vertical tubes is stressed. 

Obviously, one looks for causes. That declines in one or another species have natural factor etiologies is unequivocal. The demise of American elms and of the chestnut were due to natural factors. Insect infestations, bacterial and fungal diseases, hurricanes, floods, freezes, droughts and many other stresses can cause extensive tree death (5). But in such declines typically only a single species is affected or climatic events caused decline in a delimited area. In almost all declines caused by natural events, the causal factors can be identified we know their precise etiologies. Natural events are always part of the natural environment and must be factored in when evaluating forest declines (Table I). 

Photosynthesis and gas exchange of leaves are affected by many stresses including drought, flooding, salinity, chilling, high temperature, soil compaction and inadequate nutrition. Many, but not all, of these stresses have symptoms in common. For example, stomatal conductance and the rate of assimilation of CO2 per unit leaf area often decrease when stress occurs. Further, it is possible that several of the stresses may exert their effects, in part, by increasing the levels of the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) in the leaf epidermis. This hormone is known to close stomata when applied to leaves. 

Shone, M.G.T. Flood, A.V. (1983). Effects of periods of localised water stress on subsequent nutrient uptake by barley roots and their adaptation by osmotic adjustment. New Phytologist, 94, 561-72. 

Plants are constantly subject to adverse environmental conditions such as drought, flooding, extreme temperatures, excessive salts, heavy metals, high-intensity irradiation and infection by pathogenic agents. Because of their immobility, plants have to make necessary metabolic and structural adjustments to cope with the stress conditions. To this end, the expression of the genetic programme in plants is altered by the stress stimuli to induce and/or suppress the production of specific proteins which are either structural proteins or enzymes for specific metabolic pathways. 

Seed invigoration Dormancy management Drought resistance Flood resistance Increases yield Low temperature resistance Salt stress resistance Farooq et al. (2009a, b)... 

Daylilies are a beautiful perennial flower that can brighten up any yard or landscape. They are tolerant of drought and flooding, immune to heat stress, and grow well in full sun or light shade. They are the perfect choice for just about any soil or climate condition. 

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