Flood pulse

Junk, W. J., and M. T. F. Piedade. 1993b. Herbaceous plants of the Amazon floodplains near Manaus species diversity and adaptations to the flood pulse. Amazoniana XII(3/4) 467-484. 

Junk, W. J., P. B. Bayley, and R. E. Sparks. 1989. The flood-pulse concept in the river-floodplain systems. Canadian Special Publication in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 106 110-127. 

A versatile Laser-SNMS instrument consists of a versatile microfocus ion gun, a sputtering ion gun, a liquid metal ion gun, a pulsed flood electron gun, a resonant laser system consisting of a pulsed Nd YAG laser pumping two dye lasers, a non-resonant laser system consisting of a high-power excimer or Nd YAG laser, a computer-controlled high-resolution sample manipulator on which samples can be cooled or heated, a video and electron imaging system, a vacuum lock for sample introduction, and a TOF mass spectrometer. 

TOF analyzer it is critical for the mass resolution that the secondary ions are ejected at a precisely defined time. This means that the primary ion pulse should be as narrow in time as possible, preferably < 1 ns. At the same time maximum lateral resolution is desired. Unfortunately, there is a trade-off between these two parameters if the primary ion intensity is not to be sacrificed [122], Therefore, TOF-SIMS instruments have two modes of operation, high mass resolution and high lateral resolution. An advantage with the pulsed source is that an electron flood gun can be allowed to operate when the primary ion gun is inoperative. Thus, charge-compensation is effectively applied when analyzing insulating materials. 

Flooding-point data have been correlated by equations analogous to 13.34 and 13.35. This procedure is permissible since, as Thornton 37 and Logsdail and Thornton(38) report, pulsed columns can be operated up to the flooding-point with no droplet coalescence. 

Lithium Iron Sulfide (High Temperature). High-temperature molten salt Li—Al/LiCl— KCl/FeS - cells are known for their high energy density and superior safety. At one point they were being actively pursued for electric vehicle and pulse-power applications. Historically, boron nitride (BN) cloth or felt has been used as the separator in flooded-electrolyte cells, while MgO pressed-powder plaques have been used in starved-electrolyte cells. 

The method of calculation introduced in this chapter not only allows an exact determination of the column diameter for nonpulsed sieve tray columns, but also allows a good estimation of the diameters of pulsed and stirred extractors. For the latter, however, more exact specific equations exist for the flooding point, see for example [1,4]. 

Preselection of a suitable extractor type on the basis of available information and testing at pilot scale Establishment of suitable operating conditions as, for example, the pulse intensity of pulsed extractors or the speed of rotation of centrifugal extractors Determination of the flooding point... 

Flooding, holdup, and mass transfer rates are highly interdependent and are not simply related. Reissinger and Schroter (1978) state that tray towers in comparison with other types have good efficiencies at 60 nr /m2 hr at frequencies of 60-90/min and amplitudes of 10 mm. Packed towers have about 2/3 the capacities of tray towers. Also in comparison with unagitated towers, which are limited to interfacial tensions below lOdyn/cm, pulsed towers are not limited by interfacial tension up to 30-40 dyn/cm. Some... 

Surface charge neutralization by a pulsed electron flood was not required for any of the materials, either in the positive or in the negative ion mode. The spectra were carefully calibrated using the exact masses of peaks with known composition, such as those from the source, 69Ga+ at 68.926 amu the substrate, e.g. 56Fe v at 55.935 amu and some siloxane peaks, e.g. (CH3)3Si at 73.047 or (CH3)5Si204 at 147.066 amu. 

Fig. 4.10 Water table fluctuations measured at wells near the Mohawk River (from Winslow et al., 1965). The wells followed a flood event with a time lag of several hours correlated with the distance from the river (insert table). The distance divided by the time lag provided the propagation velocity of the hydraulic pulse.

Figure 2 shows a schematic of the system that was used to flood expose the resist films. A Quanta Ray EXC-1 KrF excimer laser was used for all exposures. The laser output at 30 keV was 30-55 mJ/pulse/cm with a 0.33% fluorine, 5% krypton, and 94.67% neon gas mixture at 45 psig. The beam, at 100 pulses/sec., was reduced to a 3 mm diameter spot using aperatures. A 5 mm diameter light pipe was used to scramble the beam and improve uniformity. 

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