Mucilage, flaxseed

Leinsamen, m. flaxseed, linseed, -abkochung, /. decoction of linseed, -mehl, n. flaxseed meal, linseed meal, -ol, n. linseed oil. -schleim, m. linseed (or flaxseed) mucilage. 

Flaxseed mucilage, associated with hull of flaxseed, is a gum-like material and composed of acidic and neutral polysaccharides. The neutral fraction of flaxseed mainly contains xylose (62.8%), whereas the acidic fraction of flaxseed is comprised mainly of rhamnose (54.5%), followed by galactose (23.4%) (Cui et al., 1994a). A study by Warrand et al. (2005) found that the neutral monosaccharides were a mixture of three major families of polymers, arabinoxylans with a constant A/X ratio of 0.24, and various amount of galactose and fucose residues in the side chains. Acidic hydrolysis yields xylose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, fucose, and glucose (BeMiller, 1973 Erskine and Jones, 1957). 

Chomick, T., Malcolmson, L., Izydorczyk, M., Duguid, S., and Taylor, C. 2002. Effect of cultivar on the physicochemical properties of flaxseed mucilage. In Proceeding of 59th Flax Institute of the United States , pp. 7-13. Fargo, ND. 

Wanasundara, P.K.J.P.D. and Shahidi, F. 1997. Removal of flaxseed mucilage by chemical and enzymatic treatments. Food Chem. 59, 47-55. 

Occurs in agar-agar, chagual gum, red algae, flaxseed mucilage and a snail galactan. The L-galactose obt. from the hydrolysates of these polysaccharides can be freed from the enantiomer present by fermentation of the D-form. 

Preparation, The synthetic methods are the most convenient although the preparation from flaxseed mucilage and agar has been described 76). The separation of L-galactose from natural or synthetic DL-mixtures is accomplished by the fermentation of the D-galactose by galactose-adapted yeasts or by resolution of the hydrazones formed from optically active 1-amyl-l-phenylhydrazine (77). 

Mucilage of slippery elm 96, 97) flaxseed mucilage (55, 99), okra mucilage 100) mucilage of Plantago arenaria 101) Oakwood 102)... 

Biliaderis, 1989 Oomah and Mazza, 1998b). Flaxseed gum exhibited good foam stability at a level of 1% and maximum viscosity at pH 6.0-8.0 (Mazza and Biliaderis, 1989). Oomah and Mazza (1998b) reported that lipid removal significantly increased apparent viscosity values of flaxseed gum. Furthermore, viscosity of seed, cake, and flake samples was significantly related to protein (r = 0.97) and carbohydrate (r = 0.91) fractions, which were related to mucilage fraction of the seed. 

Flaxseed is covered with fibrous hull accounting for 25 to 45% of the seed weight and contains 2-7% by weight of water-soluble carbohydrates. These components called mucilage can interfere during processing (38). Flaxseed contains approximately 25% protein, 10% moisture, and 35-45% of oil (6, 38, 11). In immamre... 

Chia seed contains 25 0% oil and 18-30% protein. The chia meal is high in protein and fiber similar to flaxseed and soybean (52, 53). Chia seed, oil, and meal can be used as ingredients with high nutritional value for human food and animal feed. Chia seed contains mucilage and water-soluble fiber, may possibly contain lignans, and is similar to flax (53). Trials conducted in 1995 and 1996 showed yield and oil contents to be affected by growing conditions and harvested yields were up to 1500 kg/ha (52). 

Linseed. Flaxseed linum. Dried ripe seeds of Liitum usitatissimum L,. Linaceae. Source of linseed oil. Consfit. 30-40% oil, about 6% mucilage, about 2S% proteins and linamarin. 

Preparation of protein ingredients from seed meal is also possible since it contains about 26% of crude protein. In addition to the traditional uses of seed meal, recovery of its protein fraction, in the form of isolate or concentrate, may provide value-added products for use in food and feed formulations. The flaxseed polysaccharide (mucilage) fraction, which is located on the outer seed coat, once isolated has potential use as a food gum or dietary fiber (Mazza and Oomah, 1995). 

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