Flare angle

Fig. 8.10 (a) Effect of flare angle on domain structure of main pole, (b) Signal decay with time for different flare angles... 

Figure 9.23 shows measured E-Plane patterns of two horn antennas. Both horns have the same flare angle and the same effective length producing approximately the same half power beam width. The pattern with higher side lobes is of a typical horn with metal walls. The other pattern in Fig. 9.23 is of a horn with walls terminated by TPS. Notice the vastly improved side and back lobe performance of the TPS horn. 

Parabolic reflector antennas are usually illuminated by a flared-horn antenna with a flare angle of less than 18°. A rectangular horn with a flare angle less than 18° has approximately the same aperture field as the dominant-mode rectangular waveguide feeding the hom. 

At Chalmers University in Stockholm, the nozzles were etched laterally into the sihcon. A maximum hydrostatic counter pressure of 25kPa (for a pmnp with larger external dimensions) was measured following an optimization of the flare angle [322]. The pumps are suitable for direct feed of fluids and gases. Care is to be taken when shutting off valveless micropumps because the transported medium will flow back in the presence of a hydrostatic counter pressure. 

The male fitting has a cone-shaped surface with the same angle as the inside of the flare. The sleeve supports the tube so vibration does not concentrate at the edge of the flare and distributes the shearing action over a wider area for added strength. 

Tubular structures are easier to coat than those produced from profiled metal, e.g. a flare stack constructed of welded tubes can increase the life of a brush- or roller-applied paint system by as much as four times over the same process applied to a similar structure built of welded angled steel. 

Use of two flare booms to reduce radiation intensity under all wind conditions is extensive. The booms are angled out at 45a to account for all wind directions to minimize radiation... 

The radiant intensity (I) is a measure of radiometric power per unit solid angle Q (Q = A/ r2), expressed in watts per steradian (W sr-1). The value of the solid angle Q is numerically equal to the size of that area divided by the square of the radius of the sphere. For hand-held NIR flares one wants a reasonable bum time (ca. 45 s), a high concealment index X which is defined as the ratio of the radiant intensity in the near IR region (/NIR, 700-1000 nm) over the radiant intensity in the visible region (IvIS, 400 700 nm) and high radiant intensities in the NIR regions /j(600 900 nm) and /2(695 1050) ... 

The classic presentation of a patient with acute ACG includes complaints of eye pain, headache, blurred vision, photophobia, the perception of halos around lights, nausea, and vomiting. Clinical signs include an edematous cornea, a fixed mid-dilated pupil, ciliary injection, high lOP, convex iris (iris bombe), and cells and flare in the anterior chamber. There may also be evidence of previous episodes such as peripheral anterior synechiae, anterior subcapsular lens opacities (glaukomflecken), sector iris atrophy, an irregular pupil, and a narrow angle in the contralateral eye. 

FIG. 8.8. A tliistle funnel, (a) Join tlie stem to a constriction on tlie larger tube. Tlie point on tlie larger tube must b0 straight and of reasonable length, (b) Tlie bulb is blown note tliat ample glass must be left to make the flared top.(c)Tlie completed funnel. Tlie flare should b0 reasonably proportioned and have an angle of about 90 °. 

Gas jef mixing noise consisfs of a broadband frequency spectium. The frequency af which fhe spectium peaks depends on several factors such as fhe diameter of the nozzle, Mach number of fhe gas jef, fhe angle of the observer s position relative to the exit plane of the jet, and temperature ratio of the fully expanded jet to the ambient gas. In the flare and burner industry, gas jet mixing noise typically peaks somewhere between 2000 and 16,000 Hz. The characteristic shape is the same for all temperatures and angles, although there is a significant dependence on temperature and Mach number of fhe gas jef when the observer is positioned at an angle of less fhan 50° off axis from the centerline of the gas jet velocity vector [11]. 

Oenbring and Sifferman [32] describe full-scale field tests of a 16 inch (41 cm) diameter flare in an operating gas plant and in a refinery. Gas flow rates, flame lengths, and flame angles measured from various... 

Figure 28.13 shows a plot of constant radiation lines (isoflux lines) at groxmd level for a high pressure flare such as that shown in Figure 28.3. This plot was generated using measurements from an array of radiometers located at various distances and angles from the flare.

Flare radiometers are often designed with flat optical covers. One shortcoming of a flaf opfical cover is fhaf fhe amount of reflected radiation increases dramatically when the angle of incidence is high (Snell s law) [23]. For example, Figure 30.23 shows the fraction of reflecfed... 

A set of at least two cubes are used to achieve the full capability of the instrument. The relative locations of the radiometer cubes and the flare, as well as the orientations of the cubes are determined prior to the flare test and entered into the computer to allow real-time tracking of key flare radiation parameters. Each radiometer on the cubes is connected to a data acquisition system. The data acquisition system collects the data from each sensor and performs trigonometric calculations using a complex set of equations. The results are real-time parameters of the flare radiation total radiation levels from both cubes, incidence angles, and the flare epicenter coordinates. This instrument has three main advantages over the handheld instrument ... 

For applications that do not require a mass flow pattern the only condition is that the contents will eventually self-clear to be moved away by the screw. This less demanding type of flow pattern allows flared feeder casings to be designed on drained repose angles of the product. 

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