Flame retardants polyvinyl alcohol

Other components in PVAc-formulations are defoamers, stabilizers, filler dispersants, preservatives, thickeners (hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellu-lose), polyvinyl alcohols, starch, wetting agents, tackifiers, solvents (alcoholes, ketone, esters), flame retardants and others. 

The plasticizer-range alcohols are largely used as feedstock for production of high molecular weight diesters of phthalic, adipic, azelaic, and sulftiric acids. All these are used primarily in plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and other plastics. The plastics industry also uses them as additives for heat stabilization, to control the viscosity of PVC plastisols, ultraviolet absorbers, flame retardants, and antioxidants. They are also found in synthetic, lubricants, agricultural chemicals, and defoamers. 

Wang, D.L., Liu, Y., Wang, D.Y., Zhao, C.X., Mou, Y.R., and Wang, Y.Z. 2007. A novel intumescent flame-retardant system containing metal chelates for polyvinyl alcohol. Polym. Deg. Stab. 92 1555-1564. 

The chemicals used for coating and laminating are polymeric materials, either naturally occurring or produced synthetically. These include natural and synthetic rubbers, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, acrylic, phenohc resins, polyurethanes, silicones, fluorochemicals, epoxy resins and polyesters." Coating formulations typically include auxiliaries such as plasticizers, adhesion promoters, viscosity regulators, pigments, fillers, flame retardants, catalysts and the like. ... 

Vinyl and allyl phosphonates can be used as comonomers in addition polymers. Also, modifications of polymers with phosphorus-containing groups, such as phosphorylation of polyvinyl alcohol, leads to improvements in flame retardancy compared to the polymers themselves. Phosphorus-containing acrylates have adhesive properties as well as FR ones. Acrylates containing phosphonic acid groups have some interesting and encouraging properties. 

One ecologically-safe flame retardant system, containing a char former, is polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) combined with a sUicon-based inorganic system which can act in two ways as follows. 

It can be concluded that polyvinyl alcohol incorporated in nylon 6,6 reduces the rate of heat release and increases the char yield. Cone calorimetry data for permanganate-oxidized polyvinyl alcohol indicate an improvement in peak rate of heat release compared with polyvinyl alcohol alone, but the smouldering process is exothermic. Silicon/stannic chloride systems act as ecologically friendly flame retardants for both nylon 6,6 and polypropylene. 

Some specific recent applications of the GC-MS technique to various types of polymers include the following PE [49,50], poly(l-octene) [51], poly(l-decene) [51], poly(l-dodecene) [51], 1-octene-l-decene-l-dodecene terpolymer [51], chlorinated polyethylene [52], polyolefins [53, 54], acrylic acid methacrylic acid copolymers [55], polyacrylates [56], styrene-butadiene and other rubbers [57-59], nitrile rubber [60], natural rubbers [61, 62], chlorinated natural rubber [63, 64], polychloroprene [65], PVC [66-68], silicones [69, 70], polycarbonates [71], styrene-isoprene copolymers [72], substituted PS [73], polypropylene carbonate [74], ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers [75], Nylon [76], polyisopropenyl cyclohexane a-methyl styrene copolymers [77], m-cresol-novolac epoxy resins [78], polymeric flame retardants [79], poly(4-N-alkyl styrenes) [80], polyvinyl pyrrolidone [81], vinyl pyrrolidone-methyl acryloxysilicone copolymers [82], polybutylcyanoacrylate [83], polysulfide copolymers [84], poly(diethyl-2-methacryloxy)ethyl phosphate [85], ethane-carbon monoxide copolymers [86], polyetherimide [87], bisphenol A [88], ethyl styrene [89], styrene-isoprene block copolymer [89], polyvinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate [90], epoxide thiol [91], maleic acid-propylene copolymer [92], P-hydroxy butyrate-P-hydroxy valerate copolymer [93], polycaprolactams [39,94], PS [95,96], polypyrrole [95,96], polyhydroxy alkanoates [97], poly(p-chloromethyl) styrene [81], polybenzooxazines and siloxy substituted polyoxadisila-pentanylenes [98,99] poly benzyl methacrylates [100], polyolefin blends after ageing in soil [101] and polystyrene peroxide [43]. 

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