Fixing photographic film

Growth of the nuclei during the gold treatment is a possibility. The exposed, fixed photographic film in these experiments was immersed for from 1 to 5 minutes in a solution prepared by heating to boiling 40 cc. of... 

The recovery of silver from the solutions used in developing and fixing photographic film and prints presents just such a problem. Silver is an expensive metal, and the recovery is profitable. Moreover, if not recovered, the silver ions would constitute an undesirable pollutant in water supplies. 

Soft x-rays with wavelengths of 1—10 nm ate used for scanning x-ray microscopy. A zone plate is used to focus the x-ray beam to a diameter of a few tens of nanometers. This parameter fixes and limits the resolution. Holographic x-ray microscopy also utilizes soft x-rays with photoresist as detector. With a strong source of x-rays, eg, synchrotron, resolution is in the 5—20-nm range. Shadow projection x-ray microscopy is a commercially estabflshed method. The sample, a thin film or thin section, is placed very close to a point source of x-rays. The "shadow" is projected onto a detector, usually photographic film. The spot size is usually about 1 ]lni in diameter, hence the resolution cannot be better than that. 

It has been found that only a few photons, maybe as little as six, are needed to form the latent image. Photographic film is a very sensitive light detector. The final step in the photographic process, fixing, removes the unreacted silver bromide crystals from the emulsion, thus stabilizing the image (Fig. 2.4). 

A transition step between the reaction system just considered (silver ions, p-phenylenediamine, silver sol) and actual physical development of a fixed photographic plate or film is supplied by the investigations of Arens (27, 28). He used a series of silver, gold, and silver sulfide sols which had been coated on glass plates, using gelatin as the binding material. In this way he obtained plates in which colloidal particles... 

Data obtained by Shiberstoff (63) on the development of photographic film in solutions of conventional developers offer further evidence in confirmation of the latter point. Shiberstoff obtained a general increase in selectivity with decreasing temperature of development for all agents tested. He calculated selectivity in terms of the ratio of the rate of image development to fog formation, using as the rate of the former the reciprocal of the time required to attain a density of 1.5 for a fixed... 

PROBLEM 16.28 The "fixing" of photographic film involves dissolving unexposed silver bromide in a thiosulfate (S2032-) solution ... 

Write, the equation for the principal chemical reaction involved in fixing a photographic film. 

Plasticizer for cellulose nitrate (commonly used in cigarette filters). Also used as a solvent for basic dyes, fixative in perfumery, food additive, pharmaceuticals, and photographic films. 

USE As fixative in perfumery solvent in manuf celluloid, photographic films. Technical triacetin (a mixture of mono-, di-, and small quantities of triacetin) as a solvent for basic dyes, particularly indulines, and tannin in dyeing. 

CAS 9003-39-8 EINECS/ELINCS 201-800-4 Uses Film-former, thickener, protective colloid, stabilizer, vise, modifier, suspending agent, and dispersant used for emulsion and suspension polymerizations, cosmetics, adhesives, sealants, paints, coatings, paper, detergents, glass fibers, inks, ceramics, nonpharmaceutical tableting, photographic films hair fixative... 

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