Fission product behavior

I.J. Hastings, (ed.). Fission Product Behavior in Ceramic Oxide Fuel. Adv. in Ceramics 17, Amer. Ceram. Soc. (1986). 

Malinauskus, A.P., de Nordwall, H.J., Dyer, F.F., Wichner, R.P., Martin, W.J. and Kolb, J.O., Fission product behavior during operation of the second Peach Bottom core. In Proceeding of the Symposium on Gas-Cooled Reactors with Emphasis on Advanced Systems, Vol. 1, IAEA-SM-200/50, IAEA, Vienna, 1976, pp. 237 249. 

Technical Bases for Estimating Fission Product Behavior during LWR Accidents, June... 

Each process step is being investigated for fission product behavior and distribution with respect to the desired actinide recovery. The effect of added constituents on the behavior of actinide and fission-product compounds in molten nitrates will be studied. Soluble species in molten nitrates are to be identified and a determination made as to whether fission product elements are present, either as soluble species or solids, as anionic or cationic species. 

Fission Products in Equimolar Sodium-Potassium Nitrate. Fission-product behavior in molten alkali metal nitrates is largely unknown. Information on the behavior of various elements and their compounds is incomplete. In addition, the complexity of the composition and chemical nature of irradiated fuel material makes prediction of individual fission-product behavior even more difficult. 

As our third technique, we have begun studies on tracer quantities of selected fission products, and preliminary results indicate some solubility in the melt for both europium and strontium. Material balances or decontamination factors are not available at this time. Both qualitative and quantitative studies of fission product behavior are continuing. The results of these studies will be reported as the data become available. 

Our preliminary studies of fission-product behavior show that those fission products that are soluble in the melt remain so during precipitation of the sodium diuranate. Hence, a relatively "clean11 uranium product should be obtained. Again, a liquid (nitrate melt containing soluble fission products) - solid (sodium diuranate) phase separation is required. The melt temperature may be lowered to approximately 275°C for this separation once the diuranate has precipitated. 

Fission Products Knowledge of fission-product behavior in... 

Sufficient knowledge of fission-product behavior in molten nitrate systems is not available in the literature. Laboratory investigations must define the behavior of the three types of fission products of concern volatile fission products, high... 

IAEA, Fuel Performance and Hssion Product Behavior in Gas-Cooled Reactors - A Compilation Produced within the IAEA Coordinated research program on Validation of Predictive Methods for Fuel and Fission Product Behavior in Gas-Cooled Reactors, IAEA-TECDOC-978, International Atomic Energy Agency, erma (1997). 

A 140-page summary report describing the behavior of fission products in the MSRE is the most complete source of information on fission product behavior in molten fluorides. In all instances, the evidence confirms what basic thermodynamics tells us only the noble gases (Xe, Kr) and tritium are released from the salt. All of the alkali (eg., Cs), alkaline earth (e.g., SrX rare earth (e.g., Y, Ln), and most metallic fission products (e g., Zr) are dissolved in the salt as fluorides and are relatively nonvolatile. A few of the metallic fission products (the noble group Ag, Pd, Ru, Mo, Tc, Rh, Sb) are not dissolved (or are partially dissolved), but remain as metallic species and tend to deposit on the colder metallic surfaces. 

E. L. Compere et al., Fission Product Behavior in the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment, ORNL-4865, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1975). 

A-2. J. Collen, H. Unneberg, and D. Mecham, Overview of Marviken Experimental Procedures , Proceedings of the ANS Meeting on Fission Product Behavior and... 

IAEA. 1997. Fuel performance and fission product behavior in gas cooled reactors. lAEA-TECDOC-978, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, November 1997. 

I. Experimental method and general fission product behavior. Nucl. Sci. Engng. 29, 159-164 (1967)... 

The main sources of information used as a basis for evaluating fission product behavior are experimental investigations, both in the laboratory and on a technical... 

Figure 6.6. Investigation of fission product behavior during flash evaporation of PWR primary coolant (Hellmann et al., 1991)...

Johnson, L. H., Stroes-Gascoyne, S., Chen, J. D., Attas, M. E., Sellinger, D. M., Delaney, H. G. The relationship between fuel element power and the leaching of Cs and I from irradiated UO2 fhel. Proc. Am. Nucl. Soc. Meeting on Fission Product Behavior and Source Term Research, Snowbird, Utah, USA, 1984 Report EPRI NP-4113-SR (1985), p. 15/1-12... 

US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Technical bases for estimating fission product behavior during LWR accidents. Report Nureg-0772 (1981)... 

Malinauskas, A. R, Kress, T. S. Effects of chemical phenomena on LWR severe accident fission product behavior. Nucl. Safety 32, 56—64 (1991)... 

The low-pressure scenario which is initiated by a large-sized break in the primary circuit, that is an event similar to that of the loss-of-coolant design basis accident described in Section 6.2.1.. In the severe accident scenario it is additionally postulated that, after the action of the accumulators and the borated water storage tanks, the sump water recirculation pumps will fail to operate. Thus, the decay heat cannot be removed from the reactor core vnth the consequence that the water volume present inside the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) begins to boil off at about atmospheric pressure. The AB sequence of WASH-1400 describes such a large-break scenario. In this low-pressure scenario, the treatment of fission product behavior inside the primary circuit is comparatively simple the probability of occurrence of such an accident, however, is extremely small. 

---