Fischer kinetics

The production of hydrocarbons using traditional Fischer-Tropsch catalysts is governed by chain growth or polymerization kinetics. The equation describing the production of hydrocarbons, commonly referred to as the Anderson-Schulz-Flory equation, is ... 

Keto-enol tautomerism, 264, 842-844 Kiliani, Heinrich, 994 Kiliani-Fischer synthesis, 994-995 Kimbail, George, 216 Kinetic control, 491 Kinetics, 362... 

The kinetics and mechanism of living radical polymerization have been reviewed by Fischer,21 Fukuda et at.,22 and Goto and Fuktida.23 In conventional radical polymerization, new chains are continually formed through initiation w hile existing chains are destroyed by radical-radical termination. The steady state concentration of propagating radicals is 10"7 M and an individual chain will have a lifetime of only 1-10 s before termination within a total reaction lime that is... 

General features of the polymerization kinetics for polymerizations with deactivation by reversible coupling have already been mentioned. Detailed treatments appear in reviews by Fischer," Fukuda et ai and Goto and I vikuda" and will not be repeated here. 

The kinetic and thermodynamic properties of Fischer-type carbene complexes have also been addressed by Bernasconi, who relates the strength of the 7r-donor substituent to the thermodynamic acidity [95-101] and the kinetics and mechanism of hydrolysis and reversible cyclization to differences in the ligand X [96,102]. 

The origin of CIDNP lies in the microscopic behaviour of radical pairs. Our discussion of this will follow fairly closely the model approach associated with the names of Gloss, Kaptein, OosterhofF, and Adrian, rather than the more formal kinetic treatments of Fischer (1970a) and Buchachenko et al. (1970b). 

Diacyl peroxides undergo thermal and photochemical decomposition to give radical intermediates (for a recent review, see Hiatt, 1971). Mechanistically the reactions are well understood as a result of the many investigations of products and kinetics of thermal decomposition (reviewed by DeTar, 1967 Cubbon, 1970). Not surprisingly, therefore, one of the earliest reports of CIDNP concerned the thermal decomposition of benzoyl peroxide (Bargon et al., 1967 Bargon and Fischer, 1967) and peroxide decompositions have been used more widely than any other class of reaction in testing theories of the phenomenon. 

R. Miller, R. Roberts, and L. Fischer, Acetaminophen elimination kinetics in neonates, children, and adults, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther, 19, 284 (1976). 

Fermi golden rule, 268 Filipescu, N., 291 Fisch, M. H., 307 Fischer, F., 379 Flash photolysis, 80-92 of aromatic hydrocarbons, 89, 90 determination of jsc, 228-230 determination of triplet lifetime, 240-242 energy of higher triplet levels, 219-220 flash kinetic spectrophotometry, 82, 83 measurement of triplet spectra, 81,82 nanosecond flash kinetic apparatus, 89 nanosecond flash spectrographic apparatus, 88... 

Majewski M, Galle T, Yargeau V, Fischer K (2011) Active heterotrophic biomass and sludge retention time (SRT) as determining factors for biodegradation kinetics of pharmaceuticals in activated sludge. Bioresour Technol 102 7415-7421... 

The FTS was conducted at varying temperatures (from 483 to 513 K) over approximately 50 h of reaction time in order to investigate the reaction kinetics achieved with the respective catalysts. A typical conversion curve using the Co/ HB catalyst as an example is shown in Figure 2.3. After a short settling phase (caused by the pore filling of liquid Fischer-Tropsch products) of only about 4 h, steady-state conditions were reached. In the observed synthesis period of 50 h no deactivation of the catalysts was detected. However, industrially relevant experiments over several weeks are still outstanding. 

Yates, I. C., and Satterfield, C. N. 1991. Intrinsic kinetics of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on a cobalt catalyst. Energy Fuels 5 168-73. 

Nettelhoff, H., Kokuun, R., Ledakpwicz, S., and Deckwer, W.D. 1985. Studies on the kinetics of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in slurry phase. Ger. Chem. Eng. 8 177-85. 

Ma, W.P., Jacobs, G., Sparks, D.E., Spicer, R.L., Graham, U.M., and Davis, B. H. 2008. Comparison of the kinetics of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction between structured alumina supported cobalt catalysts with different pore size. Prepr. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Petro. Chem. 53 99-102. (see Chapter 8 of this book.)... 

Zennaro, R., Tagliabue, M., and Bartholomew, C. 2000. Kinetics of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on titania-supported cobalt. Catal. Today 58 309-19. 

Withers, H.P., Eliezer, K.F., and Mitchell, J.W. 1990. Slurry-phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and kinetic studies over supported cobalt carbonyl derived catalysts. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 29 1807-14. 

Weller, S. E. 1947. Kinetics of carbiding and hydrocarbon synthesis with cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalysts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69 2432-36. 

Li, S., Ding, W., Meitzner, G.D., and Iglesia, E. 2002. Spectroscopic and transient kinetic studies of site requirements in iron-catalyzed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. J. Phys. Chem. B 106 85-91. 

The data derived from modeling at different conversion degrees (X = 5, 40, and 80%) were also compared to the results obtained from the calculation of the classical Thiele modulus. The calculated (by the Thiele modulus) and modeled (by Presto Kinetics) effectiveness factors showed comparable values. Hence, the usage of simulation software is not required to get a first impression of the diffusion limitations in a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst pore. Nevertheless, modeling represents a valuable tool to better understand conditions within a catalyst pore. 

Van Der Laan, G.P. 1999. Kinetics, selectivity and scale up of the Fischer Tropsch process. PhD dissertation, Rijksunivertiteit Groningen. 

Schulz, H., Claeys, M. 1999. Kinetic modelling of Fischer-Tropsch product distributions. Appl. Catal. A 186 91. 

Rothaemel, M., Hanssen, K.F., Blekkan, E.A., Schanke, D., and Holmen, A. 1997. The effect of water on cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalysts studied by steady-state isotopic transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA). Catal. Today 38 79-84. 

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