Firm estimate

Detailed estimate (firm estimate). Complete specifications, drawings, and site surveys for the plant construction are required, and the estimate has an accuracy of—5 to -1-10 percent. 

The firm estimated damage at ca 1 million dollars. The company makes exothermic materials used in foundries St steel mills (Ref 5)... 

According to the Woodworth congressional testimony, Boys are four times more likely to receive a diagnosis of ADHD and be prescribed stimulant medication. Critics are also disturbed about a trend of prescribing the drug to ever-younger children. For instance, in 1998 a national auditing firm estimated that 4,000 MPH pre-... 

In a report (1 ) dated August 11, 1976, one firm estimated that new octane-producing facilities would be required for 1978 and 1979, as follows ... 

Detailed estimates ( quotation, tender, firm estimate, contractor s estimate, Class 2 estimate ), accuracy +5-10%, which are used for project cost control and estimates for fixed price contracts. These are based on the... 

A combination of measurements and simulations have indicated that cloudwater sulfate, acidity, nitrate, and ammonium deposition exceeds wet deposition via precipitation for some NE U.S. sites located above 400 m. While the current large uncertainties that are associated with cloudwater deposition models make firm estimates impossible, the available data indicate that cloudwater deposition is a substantial contributor to wet deposition inputs to high elevation sites in the eastern United States. Similar conclusions have been reached by European studies. 

It is important for firms to project their cash flow. This ensures that they will have funds on hand to pay their bills and their payroll and to invest in new projects. Cash flow is watched carefully by the finance department, because it is possible for a firm to make a profit on paper and still go broke because they do not have the cash needed to pay bills. When a firm invests in a new plant or new equipment, someone estimates the cash flow to calculate how the investment will influence the firm s ability to pay bills and dividends. In the example above the expenses were shown only as fixed or variable and the calculation was not concerned with the time period in which the expenses had to be paid. Likewise, the sales revenue was calculated on a per unit basis, but the sales may come at different time periods and some of the money for the sales may not be collected immediately. Based on historical records and contracts with suppliers and customers, the firm estimates its cash flow over the relevant time period. The cash flow analysis is shown in Table 3.1 for the example above. The cash flow analysis provides new information that the break-even analysis did not provide. It uses the period-by-period forecast to estimate when the firm will receive money and when it will pay out money. For the first seven months of the project the firm will have negative cash flow of 56,000. Then as sales pick up it will alternate positive and negative cash flows. Part of the reason for this is that revenue will be received 30 days after the product is sold, but the expenses to produce the product will be paid the month earlier. 

Have all the proteins required for initiation now been identified There is no doubt that the seven factors are sufficient to promote initiation, but in comparison with the crude reticulocyte lysate these systems that use purified components function at a very slow rate - of the order of 0 (II). Moreover, the amounts of initiation factors required to obtain maximal rates in the fractionated system seem very hi. Although there are no firm estimates of the concentrations of initiation factors in crude lysates, few would dispute that they are probably lower than the levels used in fractionated systems, where, with one exception, the relationship between the quantities of factors added and the number of initiation events is such that each molecule of factor might function only once in a stoichiometric manner. The exception is eIF-5 which saturates at low levels and definitely acts catalytically. For the other factors, the explanation may be that there is a large fraction of denatured factor which is defective in catalysing the correct overall reaction, but can interfere with the action of the fully active factor, and thereby cause a low rate of... 

A study by DRI/McGraw Hill Electricity Service, an economic analysis firm, estimated that of the 1,300 coal-fired utility plants in the USA, about 800 would be affected. Approximately 450 would probably switch from high to low sulphur coal, while 133 would opt to retrofit scrubbers. Of the remaining 217 plants, DRI expected that most would utilise embryonic clean coal technologies (Wall Street Journal. June 14, 1989). The interviews conducted in the US, however, indicate that this may be a substantial overestimate of the market for clean coal technologies. 

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