Film, generally

The properties of thin films generally differ from the values for the material in bulk form (see Formation techniques. In many cases, the growth and properties of thin films are affected by the properties of the underlying substrate material. The properties of the film can also be affected by the high surface-to-volume ratio of the film. 

An especially insidious type of corrosion is localized corrosion (1—3,5) which occurs at distinct sites on the surface of a metal while the remainder of the metal is either not attacked or attacked much more slowly. Localized corrosion is usually seen on metals that are passivated, ie, protected from corrosion by oxide films, and occurs as a result of the breakdown of the oxide film. Generally the oxide film breakdown requires the presence of an aggressive anion, the most common of which is chloride. Localized corrosion can cause considerable damage to a metal stmcture without the metal exhibiting any appreciable loss in weight. Localized corrosion occurs on a number of technologically important materials such as stainless steels, nickel-base alloys, aluminum, titanium, and copper (see Aluminumand ALUMINUM ALLOYS Nickel AND nickel alloys Steel and Titaniumand titanium alloys). 

On the broad subject of thin films generally, a well-regarded early text is by an Indian physicist, Chopra (1969), while a very broad, didactic treatment of thin films in all their aspects is by Ohring (1992). A recent survey of the effect of structure on properties of thin films relevant to microelectronics is by Machlin (1998). 

Can be used for water immersion (e.g. swimming pools) but its thinner film generally makes it less durable than two-pack, chemically reacted materials (e.g. epoxies) ... 

All of the films grown showed p-type conduction regardless of the reactor type, Cu/In ratio, or morphology. It was reported that S-rich material shows p-type conduction61,62 and that the Cu-on-In antisite (Cuin) in Cu-rich films is expected to be the major acceptor for p-type conduction.47 The bulk resistivities ranged from O.lQ-cm to 30Q-cm Cu-rich films generally had lower resistivity than In-rich films. 

In conclusion, we have shown that lipid film generally exhibits marked nonlinear characteristics. Nonlinear characteristics become particularly significant under the dynamic and/or nonequilibrium conditions. Further experimental and theoretical studies of nonlinear characteristics of lipid films are desirable. 

Multilayer films, generally with three layers but more rarely up to nine layers, are obtainable with a sufficient number of extruders. 

Uniaxially oriented films generally have high strength in only one direction, whereas biaxially oriented films are relatively strong in both machine direction (MD) and transverse direction (TD). Although intuitively one might expect biaxially oriented films to be preferred over uniaxially oriented films. 

Diffusion and permeability are inversely related to the density, degree of crystallinity, orientation, filler concentration, and cross-link density of a polymeric film. Generally, the presence of smaller molecules, such as plasticizers, increases the rate of diffusion in polymers since they are more mobile and can create holes or vacancies within the polymer. The rate of diffusion or permeability is fairly independent of polymer chain length just as long as the polymer has a moderately high chain length. 

Bolta Flex Vinyl sheeting and film General Tire Rubber... 

The various Cu-S and Cu-Se films generally exhibit similar optical spectra for comparable thicknesses. Figure 6.1 shows some such spectra. The peak at ca. 0.6 j.m is characteristic of these films, and the drop in transmission at longer... 

When two emulsion drops or foam bubbles approach each other, they hydrodynamically interact which generally results in the formation of a dimple [10,11]. After the dimple moves out, a thick lamella with parallel interfaces forms. If the continuous phase (i.e., the film phase) contains only surface active components at relatively low concentrations (not more than a few times their critical micellar concentration), the thick lamella thins on continually (see Fig. 6, left side). During continuous thinning, the film generally reaches a critical thickness where it either ruptures or black spots appear in it and then, by the expansion of these black spots, it transforms into a very thin film, which is either a common black (10-30 nm) or a Newton black film (5-10 nm). The thickness of the common black film depends on the capillary pressure and salt concentration [8]. This film drainage mechanism has been studied by several researchers [8,10-12] and it has been found that the classical DLVO theory of dispersion stability [13,14] can be qualitatively applied to it by taking into account the electrostatic, van der Waals and steric interactions between the film interfaces [8]. 

In chapter 7, all works discussed on model molecular systems for conjugated polymers refer to condensed molecular solid ultra-thin films, generally prepared by condensation of molecules from the effusion of a Knudsen-type cell, in UHV, on to clean metallic substrates held at low temperatures. Clean is defined as atomically clean as determined by core-electron level XPS, such that there is intimate contact between the molecules at the substrate-film interface, without the influence of, for example, a metallic oxide, hydrocarbon... 

These adhesives are available as pastes, solvent solutions, and film supported on glass fabric. The adhesive films generally give better strengths than do liquid systems. Cure requires a temperature of 175°C for 1 h under 15- to 50-psi pressure. Most adhesives of this... 

The more common type of emulsion depends largely for its stability on the nature of the interfacial film, generally of a third substance different from either phase, but slightly soluble in one of them, present between the two liquids when one is dispersed in the other. One of the principal functions of the interfacial film is to decrease the interfacial tension, by increasing the adhesion between the two phases, and thus lowering the amount of work that must be done in creating the (often very large) area of interface between the liquids, as one is dispersed in the other. 

Representative examples of the deposition of perovskite-phase MTi03 films are summarized in Table IX. The films generally have been deposited... 

---