Anomaly kidney

Roie of Imaging in the Study of Pathoiogical Findings 321 Congenital Anomalies/Kidney Donors 321 Lithiasis 321 Neoplasms 324... 

FAS is normally characterized by growth retardation, anomalies of the head and face, and psychomotor dysfunctions. Excessive consumption of ethyl alcohol may lead to malformations of the heart, extremities, and kidneys. Since consumption of ethyl alcohol is socially acceptable and prevalent even in pregnant women, the risks associated with the use of ethyl alcohol are remarkable. However, it should be kept in mind that there are several chemical compounds in tlie occupational environment that may also cause malformations even at low doses. The oc-cupationally-important known human teratogens include methyl mercury, ethyl alcohol, PCB compounds, tobacco smoke, lead, TCDD, 2,4,5- F, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, gasoline, and fluoride. 

Results of studies in humans and animals suggest that sperm abnormalities, evidence of DNA damage such as chromosomal anomalies, and tests for liver and kidney dysfunction may serve as biomarkers of the effects of 1,2-dibromoethane (Ellingham et al. 1986 Heinrichs 1983 NTP 1982,... 

Reproductive toxicity to 2,3,7,8-TCDD has been demonstrated in animals. "" The effects include pre- and postimplantation losses in females, morphologic and functional changes in male and female reproductive organs, and hormonal imbalance in both sexes. A number of developmental effects have been observed in animals acutely exposed to 2,3,7,8-TCDD by the oral route. Effects observed in offspring of animals include cleft palate, kidney anomalies, immune system damage (thymic atrophy and immunosuppression), impaired development of the reproductive system, decreased growth, and fetal/newborn mortality. 

Mitochondrial disorders are not commonly regarded as causes of malformations. Facial features included round face, high forehead, small nose, and long flat philtrum, reminiscent of the fetal alcohol syndrome. Limb and trunk involvements included short hands, brachydactyly, hypoplasia of the distal and middle phalanges, hypoplastic nails, and the VACTERL [vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiovascular anomalies, tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, renal (kidney) and/or radial anomalies, and preaxial limb anomalies (in front of or above the central axis of the limb)] association [50]. 

The observed growth deficiencies are associated with an inability of the baby to catch up due to a slower than normal rate of development. Other infrequent outcomes include skeletal malformations such as deformed ribs and sternum, scoliosis, malformed digits, and microcephaly. Distinctive facial anomalies have been associated with a diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome small eye openings, epicanthal folds, failure of eyes to move in the same direction, short upturned nose, flat or absent groove between nose and upper lip, and thin upper lip. Visceral deformities may also be present heart defects, genital malformations, kidney, and urinary defects. 

Kidneys Dysfunction of the proximal tubule may occur as a late manifestation of Wilson s disease. Epithelial flattening, a loss of the brush-border membrane, mitochondrial anomalies and fatty cellular changes can be observed. These findings are, in turn, responsible for proteinuria with a predominance of hyperaminoaciduria (L. UzMAN et al., 1948). Enhanced calciuria and phosphat-uria may cause osteomalacia as well as hypoparathyroidism. (329, 344) Glucosuria and uricosuria, if present, are without clinical relevance. Due to decreased bicarbonate resorption, tubular acidosis may occur, with a tendency towards osteomalacia as well as the development of nephrocalcinosis and renal stones (in some 15% of cases). (344, 356, 392) The intensity of the copper deposits in the kidneys correlates closely with the cellular changes and functional disorders. The glomerular function is not compromised, with the result that substances normally excreted in the urine are not retained. 

Cerivastatin caused a significant increase in incomplete ossification of the lumbar center of the vertebrae in rats at an oral dose of 0.72 mg kg Cerivastatin did not cause any anomalies or malformations in rabbits at oral doses up to 0.7 mg kg These doses resulted in plasma levels about six times the human exposure (Cmax free) for rats and three times the human exposure for rabbits (Cmax free) at a human dose of 0.8 mg. Cerivastatin crossed the placenta and was found in fetal liver, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys when pregnant rats were given a single oral dose of 2 mg kg... 

Five consecutive daily BDCM doses to female rats and mice by aqueous gavage proved to be both hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic to female rats (150-300 mg kg ), but only hepatotoxic to female mice (75-150 mg kg ). In subchronic studies of 10-14 days in mice and rats, mild effects on liver have been noted at doses as low as 37 mg kg and the effects become more pronounced at 125-300 mg kg In the same study, kidney toxicity was noted at 74-148 mg kg Increased incidence of sternebral anomalies in fetus in rats at 50-200 mg kg during 6-15 days of gestation... 

The degradation of purines varies with the species. Actually uric acid is excreted as the principal end product of purine metabolism by very few mammals, of which man is unfortunately one. Most nonuricotelio animals possess the enzyme uricase, which converts uric acid to the much more soluble end product allantoin. Man and certain of the higher apes, as well as fowl and reptiles, do not possess this enzyme, so that they must excrete uric acid as the end product of purine metabolism. Despite the fact that it possesses uricase, as do other dogs, the Dalmatian coach hound is peculiar in that it excretes uric acid. This anomaly results from the absence of tubular reabsorption of uric acid in the kidney (Fll). 

Wiggins, P. M. (1975). Thermal anomalies in ion distribution in rat kidney slices and in a model system. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2, 171-176. 

It is well known that uric acid is an end product of only a few mammals man, higher apes, and the Dalmatian coach hound (F5). The Dalmation is an anomaly because its excretion is due to a kidney abnormality (F5). The other mammals that do not excrete uric acid as a primary purine end product, form it as an intermediate, but they possess the enzyme uricase, which degrades vuic acid to allantoin, a more highly water-soluble substance than uric acid, and in some cases this is degraded further. 

Table6.1. Suggested guidelines (Nievelstein et al. 1998b) for MR protocol for neonates and infants with anorectal malformations (based on a 1-T or 1.5-T magnet using ahead coil for neonates and a phased arraybody coil for older children). Axial and coronal planes should be angled to be parallel and perpendicular to the pelvic floor. Imaging of the spinal cord and kidneys is only necessary if associated anomalies are suspected...

Developmental anomalies of the ovaries are very rare. Although ovaries have a different developmental origin from uterus and fallopian tubes, ovarian anomalies are significantly more often associated with congenital uterine anomalies (22%), particularly with unicornuate uterus [16]. Uterus and fallopian tubes develop from the paramesonephric ducts. Defects of the paramesonephric tubes result not only in abnormalities of the uterus but also of tbe fallopian tubes, kidneys, and ureters. 

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