Feeding stimuli

Dead mice are as attractive as live mice, and dead mouse odor is as active as a dead mouse (Shivik and Clark, 1997). Elucidation of the feeding stimuli used by this species will aid in effective trapping for snake control. Fractions of dead mouse odor are being bioassayed. The best known constituents of rotting carcass (e.g. fish) odor, putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane NH2CH2CH2NH2) and cadaver-ine (NH2CH2CH2CH2NH2) were not active. 

The wax pheromones of honeybees that honey guides use as feeding stimuli have been discussed above (p. 352). 

Chemical lures, based on feeding stimuli, are now on the market as odor-impregnated artificial bait. They are specific for certain predatoiy fish and are extremely effective (Schisler and Bergesen, 1996). Efforts to imderstand improving of feeding attractants and stimulants for economically soimd mariculture started early (Bardach and Villars, 1974). Another obvious application of fish odors is the use of waterborne male and female pheromones to improve spawning in fish in aquaculture. 

Johnson, B. R. and Ache, B. W., Antennular chemosensitivity in the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus amino acids as feeding stimuli, Mar. Behav. Physiol., 5, 145, 1978. 

Lemly, A.D. Smith, R.J.F. 1987. Effects of chronic exposure to acidified water on chemoreception of feeding stimuli by fathead minnows Pimephales promelas) mechanisms and ecological implications. Env. Tox. Chem. 6, 225-238. 

Whether these chemical cues are feeding stimuli, inter- and intraspecific signals or stimuli which give identity to specific locations, all can function to guide the fish from its present position to the source of stimulation. Oriented movements may cover distances varying from a few centimeters to thousands of kilometers. Kleerekoper (1982) has tabulated numerous studies which indicate the use of chemical signals for oriented movements by a wide variety of fish species. 

Stadler, E., Oviposition and feeding stimuli in leaf surface waxes, in Insects and the Plant Surface (B. Juniper and R, Southwood, eds.), 105-121, Arnold, London, 1986. 

A disadvantage of increased secondary product production in response to ethephon was reported by Arita et al. [2], who showed that the Chinese rose bettle (Adoretus sinicus Burmeister) fed preferentially on leaves of ginger plants that had been treated with ethephon. The feeding stimulus was not ethylene itself, but presumably a volatile produced by the plant in response to the ethephon treatment. An interesting use of ethephon for insect control is its late-season use during cotton production to remove squares (young flowers), and reduce the opportunity for insects to overwinter [25]. This treatment reduced the number of infested bolls and squares to less than 5% of those in the control plots. 

A large number of compounds in the sweet, salt, sour and bitter class are listed by Vinnikov (1 ). The effects of the addition or natural presence of certain components in plants has been shown to determine feeding stimulus. Hedln al. (7 )... 

FIGURE 2.16 Effects of successive rectangular hyperbolae on receptor stimulus, (a) Stimulus to three agonists, (b) Three rectangular hyperbolic stimulus-response functions in series. Function 1 ((3 = 0.1) feeds function 2 ((3 = 0.03), which in turn feeds function 3 ((3 = 0.1). (c) Output from function 1. (d) Output from function 2 (functions 1 and 2 in series), (e) Final response output from function 3 (all three functions in series). Note how all three are full agonists when observed as final response. 

Burghardt G. (1980). Behavioral and stimulus correlates of vomeronasal functioning in reptiles feeding, grouping, sex and tongue use. In Chemical Signals Vertebrates and Aquatic Invertebrates 1 (Miiller-Schwarze D. and Silverstein R.M., eds.). Plenum, New York, pp. 275-302. 

Except for the case of an ideal plug flow reactor, different fluid elements will take different lengths of time to flow through a chemical reactor. In order to be able to predict the behavior of a given piece of equipment as a chemical reactor, one must be able to determine how long different fluid elements remain in the reactor. One does this by measuring the response of the effluent stream to changes in the concentration of inert species in the feed stream—the so-called stimulus-response technique. In this section we will discuss the analytical form in which the distribution of residence times is cast, derive relationships of this type for various reactor models, and illustrate how experimental data are treated in order to determine the distribution function. 

The interpretation of the F(t) curve as the probability that a fluid element entering the reactor at time zero has left by time t may be used to indicate how the curve may be generated from experimental data. Let us consider the case where at time zero one makes a step change in the weight fraction tracer in the feed stream from Wq to w o A generalized stimulus-response curve for this system is shown in Figure 11.2. 

The ontogeny, evolution, and stimulus control of feeding in humans and reptiles. The Chemical Senses and Nutrition, ed. M. R. Rare and 0. Mailer, pp. 253-275. In New York Academic Press. 

Hastings The functional SCN makes sure that each day there is a feeding cycle, for example. Each day the liver will receive a macronutrient stimulus. This would be sufficient to give a pattern to the gene expression, similar to reacting to the serum shock that in culture would cause an acute induction of Per but not a second wave of induction. 

Fig. 6. Effect of a complex stimulus (Fonzies Filled Box, FFB) and Fonzies feeding on behavior and DA output in dialysates from NAc shell and core in Fonzies-conditioned and unconditioned rats. Results are mean SEM of the results obtained in at least four rats. Filled symbols p < 0.05 with respect to basal values p< 0.05 with respect to unconditioned rats + p 0.05 with respect to conditioned rats implanted in the NAc shell.

The PDU vacuum pyrolysis reactor is a semi-continuous horizontal pilot plant reactor 3 m long with a diameter of 0.6 m and a throughput capacity of about 50 - 200 kg/h, depending on the feedstock treated. The configuration of the PDU reactor is almost the same as that of the industrial reactor, except t t the PDU has smaller agitation blades. Two types of tests have been conducted with this reactor, the cold and the hot runs. In the cold tests, the particle flow behaviour is studied by a stimulus-response technique, under different agitation speeds and feed rates. The hot tests enable the conversion to be determined as a function of the feed rate and the agitation speed. 

When a stimulus depolarises the transmembrane potential in a spiking axon above the threshold level, an all-or-none action potential in a spiking axon is activated. The action potential propagates unattenuated to the nerve terminal where ion fluxes activate a mobilisation process leading to transmitter secretion.3 The neurotransmitter binds reversibly to receptor proteins embedded in the membrane of a neuron, which triggers a certain effect. There are two types of receptors known, presynaptic receptors or autoreceptors which are present on the neurotransmitter releasing neurons , and postsynaptic or heteroreceptors, which are present on the neurotransmitter receiving neuron . The former are supposed to perform a feed-back function, and slow down the release of neurotransmitter from these neurons when they are stimulated.4... 

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