Federally cost-shared

It would appear, therefore, that the results of industrial energy conservation R D by industry on its own would likely be held proprietary by a few dominant companies whereas Federally cost-shared RD D results would be available to all industries. Government involvement, therefore, enables equitable dissemination of new energy conservation technology. 

Federally cost-shared research, development and demonstration... 

In addition to the above federal programs, states have appropriated about 1 billion for conservation initiatives. These cost-share and incentive programs are resulting in increasing adoption of BMPs. The most important of these for soil, water, and wildlife quality are conservation tillage, field and vegetative buffers (conservation buffers), wetland restoration, nutrient management, and IPM. 

The 2002 Brownfields Law greatly expanded the availability of Federal funds for brownfields cleanup. In addition to revolving loan funds, US EPA now offers direct grants to allow communities and nonprofit organizations to clean up brownfields sites. Eligible entities may apply for up to 200,000 per site, and may use the funds to address sites contaminated by petroleum and hazardous substances. The grants require a 20% cost share, which may be in the form of a contribution of money, labor, material, or services, and must be used for eligible and allowable costs. 

The contract research with full overhead is another case. When you have cost sharing from a third party or, in most cases, with a federal agency, then Bayh-Dole kicks in. The university owns the IP rights, and you have to negotiate whether you get a nonexclusive, royalty-free license or if you have to pay for that license whether it is exclusive or not. 

The financial conundrum. There are a myriad of choices for funding the prescription benefit. Costs could be financed as they are right now with Part B participation. Beneficiaries and the government contribute to the benefit. Workers and retirees enrolled in employer-sponsored heath plans will have to be taken into account. Beneficiaries who are on Medicaid will present issues that the state and federal governments will have to resolve. Recent drug benefit proposals for the low-income participants have indicated a strong preference for full or partial subsidies for the premium payments and cost sharing for the prescriptions and pharmaceutical services utilized. 

Before 1980, the results of federal agricultural research were freely available and widely shared. Virtually all of the research was directed toward improving crop production and yields as well as harvesting and storage costs of crops intended for food and feed markets. 

The costs associated with enviromnental and personal safety policies (the compliance burden ) pose real challenges to corporations. However, these costs serve as prudently invested dollars when weighed against the ramifications of enviromnental policy inaction, whether as regnlatory fines or market share loss. Adherence to the various Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) that apply to a large number of U.S. industries can prevent public embarrassment and help maintain cnstomer loyalty. 

Medicaid a federal program administered and operated individually by participating state and territorial governments which provides medical benefits to eligible low income persons needing health care. The program s costs are shared by the federal and state governments. (Established under Title XIX of the Social Security Act). 

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