Fecal soiling

Acid Cleaners are used with extreme caution. Bowl cleaners are generally acidic in nature, and are available in powder, preferred solid block or liquid form. The function of toilet cleaners is to remove effectively fecal soils, lime and rust deposits, and urinary calculus from commodes and urinals. 

Faust M. A (1982), Relationship between land-use practices and fecal bacteria in soils , Journal of Environmental Quality, 11, 141-146. 

However, dietary fat consumed has got to go somewhere. If it is not absorbed, then it must traverse the gut and be excreted in the feces. Here the net effect is to increase the level of fat and oil in the feces and the result is not difhcult to guess. About half of the people on orlistat have a problem with fecal incontinence and underwear soiling. There is a price to pay for orlistat-assisted weight loss. 

Enteric pathogens have to be introduced into the production chain at some point in order to contaminate fresh produce. Direct fecal contamination of vegetables just prior to consumption represents the greatest risk (Gorny, 2002 Mukherjee et al., 2007). However, other sources of contamination such as manure amended soil and irrigation water are more commonly encountered (Hutchison et al., 2008 Islam et al., 2004). 

Parajuli, P. B., Mankin, K. R., and Barnes, P. L. (2009). Source specific fecal bacteria modeling using soil and water assessment tool model. Bioresour. Technol. 100, 953-963. 

Coliform bacteria are common microorganisms found in the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals and in the soil and plants. The intestinal type is known as fecal coliform bacteria, while the most common type of soil and plant coliform bacteria is the bacterium Aerobacter aerogenes. Fecal coliform bacteria are easy to test for, and they are present in water at any given time and place in much larger numbers than are pathogens. If large numbers of fecal coliform bacteria are present in a sample of water, it is likely that pathogens are present as well. 

Gavalchin J. and S.E. Katz (1994). The persistence of fecal-home antibiotics in soil. J. AOAC International 77, 481 85. 

The indirect source of PBBs in soil was the contaminated farms in Michigan. Approximately 650 pounds (290 kg) of PBBs were mixed in cattle feeds that were delivered to Michi n farms during 1973 1974 (Fries 1985b). About 50% of this amount was excreted in the feces of the exposed animals and remained on the famis in places of fecal deposition and manure disposal (Fries 1985b). Soil in fields that received contaminated manure contained as high as 300 g/kg PBBs, whereas soil in resurfaced cattle exercise lots contained as high as 1,000 2,000 g/kg of PBBs (Fries 1985b). 

The ocean has received far less attention than wetlands and soils as a source and sink of CH4. Studies of CH4 distributions in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific showed two CH4 maxima (Rurke et al., 1983) a surface maximum presumably associated with methanogensesis in fecal fellets (Karl and Tilbrook, 1994) and a deeper maximum. The mass spectrometric GC/C/IRMS technique discussed earlier allows measurement of fi CEU in small samples of seawater (Holmes et al., 2000). This technique was applied in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific (Sansone et al., 2001) to study methanogenesis and methane oxidation. The Sansone et al. (2001) results show a distinct difference in the fi CEU from the two CH4 maxima, leading to the suggestion that the deeper maximum may result from long distance offshore transport of CH4 with a shelf or seep source similar to that shown in Cynar and Yayanos (1993, figure 3). 

Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, obligate anaerobic spore-forming rod. It is widely distributed in the environment and frequently occurs in low numbers in the intestines of humans and domestic animals. Spores of the organism persist in soil, sediments, and areas subject to human or animal fecal pollution. Any raw food may contain spores or the bacteria. 

Second, the epiphytic microflora may start heterotrophic activity on moist plant material even before it falls to the ground. Soil animals may also initiate their activities at this stage. Soil arthropods and annelids fragment plant litter, thereby increasing the surface area amenable to microbial activity, modify organic substrates, and concentrate mineral nutrients by fecal production. 

The more soluble humic substances ean coat insect bodies, fecal material, and plant materials in lower horizons of the soils. Complexation of enzyme proteins by humic substances (Burns, 1978) inhibits their catalytic activities. An envelope of humic substances around even readily decompos-... 

There are a number of lipid compounds specific to fecal material, including sterols, bile, and some others that can be found either in soils or coprolites. A byproduct of these sterols is a compound known as 5 l-slanol, produced in the gut of animals from cholesterol. 53-stanol is a distinctive marker in animal feces. The presence of this compound in prehistoric agricultural fields has been used as evidence of intentional fertilization. 

The organic chemistry of this study focused on some of the most coimnon sterols in soils, i.e., cholesterol, 24-ethylcoprostanol, stigmasterol, campesterol, and b-sitosterol. 24-Ethylcoprostanol has been used as biomarker for (nonhuman) herbivore fecal matter. Results of the BC/MS analysis of one of the sediment samples is shown in Fig. 6.26 and the presence of these sterols clearly identified. This sample is taken from the stable area and clearly shows the presence of coprostanol and 24-ethylcoprostanol indicating enrichment by fecal material from herbivores. 

In a related study. Wester et al. (1990,1993) assessed the in vivo percutaneous absorption of PCBs in adult female Rhesus monkeys. " C-Labeled Aroclor 1242 and 1254 were separately administered iv and topically to Rhesus monkeys and urinary and fecal excretion of radioactivity was measured for the next 30 days. Following iv administration, the 30-day cumulative excretion was 55% of the administered dose (39% urine, 16% feces) for Aroclor 1242 and 27% (7% urine, 20% feces) for Aroclor 1254. The percentage of the dose absorbed following topical administration to abdominal skin (after light clipping of hair) was estimated from the ratio of the total urinary and fecal excretion following topical and iv administration. Topical administration of Aroclor 1242 in soil, mineral oil, tiichlorobenzene, or acetone resulted in 14, 20, 18, and 21% absorption of the administered dose, respectively. In contrast to the above in vitro results with human skin, the vehicle had little effect on the systemic absorption of the PCBs applied to the skin of monkeys. This may be due to the uncertain viability of the human skin used in the in vitro studies and the fact that the in vitro study primarily assessed retention of PCBs in human skin and could not estimate systemic absorption. 

---