Fault tolerant control

Pearson, A.R., Sutton, R., Burns, R.S. and Robinson, P. (2000) A Kalman Filter Approach to Fault Tolerance Control in Autonomous Underwater Vehicles. In Proc. 14th International Conference on Systems Engineering, Coventry, 12-14 September, 2, pp. 458 63. 

Once a fault has been detected, in some applications a controller reconfiguration for the self-correction of the fault is required (fault accommodation). A fault-tolerant control system possesses this capability, and its adoption is of the utmost... 

Fault-tolerant Control Systems Hassan Noura, Didier Theilliol, Jean-Christophe Ponsart and Abbas Chamseddine... 

Readers from the fields of process, chemical and control engineering may find these monographs from the Advances in Industrial Control series of complementary interest Fault-tolerant Control Systems by Hassan Noura, Didier Theilliol, Jean-Christophe Ponsart and Abbas Chamseddine (ISBN 978-1-84882-652-6, 2009) Predictive Functional Control by Jacques Richalet and Donal O Donovan (ISBN 978-1-84882-492-8, 2009) and Process Control by Jie Bao and Peter L. Lee (ISBN 978-1-84628-892-0, 2007). 

El-Farra, N.H., Gani, A., and Christofides, P. D. (2005). Fault-tolerant control of process systems using communication networks. AIChE J., 51, 1665-1682. 

Markov models are generally considered more flexible than other methods. On a single drawing, a Markov model can show the entire operation of a fault tolerant control system including multiple failure modes. Different repair rates can be modeled for different failure situations. If the model is created completely, it will show full system success states. It will also show degraded states where the system is still operating successfully but is vulnerable to further failures. The modeling technique provides clear ways to express failure sequences and can be used to model time dependent probabilities. 

Blanke M., Kinnaert M., Lunze J., and Staroswiecki M., 2003. Diagnosis and Fault Tolerant Control, Chapter 5 Stmctural analysis , Springer-Verlag. 

The book concludes with a discussion of the presented bond graph model-based quantitative approach to FDI in hybrid systems and recommends as a possible topic for further research the use of bond graph modelling in fault tolerant control of hybrid systems. 

In any case, FDI is a prerequisite also for this task and bond graph based ARR residual generation can provide the information needed by fault diagnosis. Chapter 11 of reference [11] addresses fault tolerant control of systems represented by continuous time model and related issues such as system inversion. In [12], a bond graph approach to diagnosis and FTC has been recently presented and applied to an intelligent autonomous vehicle. FTC of hybrid systems has been considered for instance... 

Blanke, M., Frei, C., Kraus, R, Patton, R., Staroswiecki, M. (2000). What is fault-tolerant control Aalborg University, Deptirtment of Control Engineering. Available from http //www. iau.dtu.dk/ secretary/pdf/stifeprocess 02h.pdf. 

Zhang, Y., Jiang, J. (2008). Bibliographictd review on reconfigurable fault-tolerant control systems. Annual Reviews in Control, 32, 229—252. 

F atton, R. J. (1997). Fault-tolerant control systems the 1997 situation. In Proceedings of 3rd IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes ( pp. 1033-1055). Available from http //hull.ac.uk/control/downloads/safepr.pdf. 

Nacusse, M., Junco, S. J. (2011). Passive fault tolerant control a bond graph approach. In A. Bruzzone, G. Dauphin-Tanguy, S. Junco, M. A. Piera (Eds.), Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Integrated Modelling and Analysis in Applied Control and Automation (IMAACA 2011) (pp. 75-82). Rome, Italy Diptem Universit Di Genova. 

Hao, Y. A. N. G., Ze-Hui, M. A. O., JIANG, Bin. (2006). Model-based fault tolerant control for hybrid dynamic systems with sensor faults. Acta Automatica Sinica., 52(5), 680-685. 

Blanke, M., Kinnaert, M., Lunze, J., Staroswiecki, M. (2006). Diagnosis and fault-tolerant control. Berlin Springer. 

Failure A failure is a permanent interruption of a system s ability to perform a required function. It can only be accommodated by a reconfiguration of the system. Fault A system fault is a deviation of the system structure or the system parameters from the nominal conditions [2]. Appropriate actions may enable to recover from a component fault without replacing the component. The fault may be accommodated through fault tolerant control. 

Fault tolerant control (FTC) Is the ability to automatically accommodate system... 

A component s malfunction is called a fault, when it is possible to take appropriate measures (through fault-tolerant control) to recover from it without replacing the faulty component. When the malfunctioning of the device is too severe which causes an irrecoverable structural change to the system then it is referred to as a failure. Some failures can be accommodated through online system reconfiguration. 

The steps executed after fault detection are termed alarm interpretation which classify the actual fault, its characteristics (occurrence time, fault size, consequences, etc.), and the root cause. Fault characterization and quantification is required to determine the immediate process state and to determine whether the fault can be safely accommodated at that process state. Based on this input, fault accommodation may be performed through reconfiguration when standby devices in healthy condition are available or through fault-tolerant control (FTC) where the... 

Defects or faults in any component of the loop can develop into malfunctions. Faults are not always visible to the operator immediately, but may appear in such a way that they give rise to complete loop failure. In safety-critical applications, no failure can be tolerated [3]. Redundancies in hardware and software facilitate fault recovery. So, for increased dependability fault tolerant control (PTC) is an ideal solution. In critical controls it may be disastrous to tolerate any failure of control systems. In PTC the system continues to operate with single failure in components and/or subsystems. Also in cases of critical controls, FTC will make a controlled shutdown to a safe state in a critical situation. FTC systems use the help of redundancies in hardware and software, discussed earlier, and fault diagnostics and intelligent software to monitor health and behavior of components and function blocks and take remedial action. With these tools the faults are isolated and suitable... 

Frequently Used Terms in Fault Tolerant Control... 

Following are a few important terms frequently used in fault tolerant control ... 

M. Blanke, M. Staroswiecki, N.E. Wu, Concepts and methods in fault-tolerant control, in Tutorial at American Control Conference, June 2001. http //www.iau.dtu.dk/ secretary/pdf/ACCmb30a4.pdf. 

M. Blanke, R. Izadi-Zamanabadi, S.A. B0gh, C.P. Lunau, Fault-tolerant control systems — a holistic view, Control Engineering Practice 5 (1997). 

Determine if a fault-tolerant control system is necessary. This is one in which a single fault can not cause the system to fail. T)rpically such a system uses triplicate redundancy with two-out-of-three voting logic and redimdant functions. 

Blanke, M., Staroswiecki, M., Wu, N.E. Concepts and methods in fault- tolerant control. In Proceedings of the American Control Conference 2001, vol. 4 (2001) Blanke, M., Kirmaert, M., Lrmze, J., Staroswiecki, M. Diagnosis and faulttolerant control. Springer, New York (2006)... 

Kirrmann, H., Grosspietsch, K. Fault-tolerant control systems (survey paper). Automatisierungstechnik 50(8), 362-374 (2002)... 

Blanke, M. Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control for Ship Station Keeping. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control and 13th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation 2 (2005) 1379-1384. 

Wu, B., and H. Shi. The Research of Active Fault-Tolerant Control for a Ship Propulsion System. Journal of Harbin Engineering University 27 (2006) 426-431. 

Lee9l] H. Lee. A. Bien. and Y. J. ( ho. Time weighted fault-tolerant control using fuzzy logic. In IFSA 91. Bi-usstls. 1991. 

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