Fatty acids abbreviations

Figure 7.6 Release of fatty acids from the triacylglycerol in adipose tissue and their utilisation by other tissues. Fatty acids are long-chain fatty acids, abbreviated to FFA (see below). Hydrolysis (lipolysis) of triacylglycerol in adipose tissue produces the long-chain fatty acids that are released from the adipocytes into the blood for oxidation by various tissues by P-oxidation (see below).

Fig. 30 Silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography (Ag-HPLC-FID) with flame ionization detector (FID) analysis of the triacylglycerols of chromatographed Crepis alpina seed oil. Ag-HPLC-FID conditions 0.5-mg sample 5-micron Chromspher Lipids column (Chrompack International, Middelburg, The Netherlands) (4.6 X 250 mm) mobile phase 0.5% acetonitrile in hexane (v/v) flow rate 1.0 ml/min FID. Chromatogram peak triacylglycerol fatty acid abbreviations S, saturated (palmitic and stearic) O, oleic L, linoleic and Cr, crepenynoic fatty acids.

Abbreviations TG, triglycerides LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol FAS, fatty acid synthase VLDL, very low density lipoprotein. 

Phosphatidylinositol (abbreviated Ptdlns, or PI) is a minor class of phospholipids composed of glycerol, fatty acids and inositol. Pis are found in the cytosolic side of eukaryotic cell membranes. They are substrates fora large number of enzymes which are involved in cell signalling. 

FIGURE 9.1 GC/MS of total methyl esters of fatty acids standards and single fractions after PLC. Abbreviations first number (18 or 20) = number of carbon atoms in the chain second number (0 to 5) = number of double bounds n = normal chain i =isoacid ai = anteisoacid m-br =multi-branched acid. (From Rezanka, T., J. Chromatogr. A, 727, 147-152, 1996. With permission.)... 

FIGURE 9.4 TLC-blotting/SIMS of various glycosphingolipids. (A) TLC profile of the separated glycosphingolipids, (B) MS profiles obtained by TLC-blotting/SIMS (a) spectrum of sulfatide peaks at m/z 862, 876, 890, 906, and 918 are molecular ions with different fatty acid species indicated in the figure (asterisks are peaks of triethanolamine as matrix) (b) spectrum of Gb Cer peaks at m/z 1309 and 1337 are molecular ions with different fatty acid species as indicated (c) spectrum of G peaks at m/z 1151, 1235, and 1263 are molecular ions with different fatty acid species as shown. Abbreviations LCB — long chain base, FA — fatty acid, hFA — hydroxyfatty acid. Hex — hexose, HexNAc — /V-acetylhexosamine. (From Taki, T. et al.. Anal. Biochem., 225, 24—27, 1995. With permission.) Continued. 

Robinson, P.G. (1982). Common names and abbreviated formulae for fatty acids (letter to the Editor). Journal of Lipid Research 23 1251-1253. 

Figure 7.11 Mechanism of transport of long-chain fatty adds across the inner mitochondrial membrane as fatty acyl carnitine. CRT is the abbreviation for carnitine palmitoyl transferase. CPT-I resides on the outer surface of the inner membrane, whereas CPT-II resides on the inner side of the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Transport across the inner membrane is achieved by a carrier protein known as a translocase. FACN - fatty acyl carnitine, CN - carnitine. Despite the name, CRT reacts with long-chain fatty acids other than palmitate. CN is transported out of the mitochondria by the same translocase.

Figure 7.23 Fate of blood triacylglycerol (in the chylomicrons and VLDL) in three conditions role of changes in activity of lipoprotein lipase in directing the uptake of fatty acids. It is primarily the activity of Lipoprotein lipase that directs which tissue/organ takes up the fatty acids from the blood triacylglycerol. The abbreviation LPLT indicates a change to a higher activity of lipoprotein lipase LPL-i indicates a change to a lower activity of lipoprotein lipase. The broadness of the arrow indicates the dominant direction of the fate of the fatty acid.

The initial acylation at the 1-position of glycerol 3-phosphate is catalysed by glycerol 3-phosphate acyl-transferase-1, abbreviated to GPAT-1. This enzyme is specific for a saturated fatty acid (in the acyl form). 

To complete the oxidation of fatty acids the acetyl units of acetyl-CoA generated in the P oxidation sequence must be oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.77 The citric acid (or tricarboxylic acid) cycle by which this oxidation is accomplished is a vital part of the metabolism of almost all aerobic creatures. It occupies a central position in metabolism because of the fact that acetyl-CoA is also an intermediate in the catabolism of carbohydrates and of many amino acids and other compounds. The cycle is depicted in detail in Fig. 10-6 and in an abbreviated form, but with more context, in Fig. 17-4. 

Figure 21-3 Major pathways of synthesis of fatty acids and glycerolipids in the green plant Arabidopsis. The major site of fatty acid synthesis is chloroplasts. Most is exported to the cytosol as oleic acid (18 1). After conversion to its coenzyme A derivative it is converted to phosphatidic acid (PA), diacylglycerol (DAG), and the phospholipids phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Desaturation also occurs, and some linoleic and linolenic acids are returned to the chloroplasts. See text also. From Sommerville and Browse.106 See also Figs. 21-4 and 21-5. Other abbreviations monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGD), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGD), sulfolipid (SL), glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), acyl carrier protein (ACP), cytidine diphosphate-DAG (CDP-DAG).

The structures and biosynthetic pathways of several of the prostaglandins are indicated in Fig. 21-7. Prostaglandins are usually abbreviated PG with an additional letter and numerical subscript added to indicate the type. The E type are (3-hydroxyketones, the F type 1,3-diols, and the A type a, (3-unsatur-ated ketones. Series 2 prostaglandins arise from arachidonic acid, while series 1 and 3 arise from fatty acids containing one fewer or one more double bond, respectively (Fig. 21-7). Additional forms are known.257 259... 

Lipids, relatively nonpolar chemical substances found in plant, bacterial, and animal cells, are among the most ubiquitous of biomolecules. In this experiment, a lipid extract of ground nutmeg will be purified by chromatography on a silica gel column. Analysis of the lipid extract by thin-layer chromatography will provide the classification of the components in the extract. The unknown lipids will be further characterized by saponification and analysis of the fatty acid content by gas chromatography. For an abbreviated experiment, students may be provided samples of natural oils and fats that can be analyzed by saponification and gas chromatography. 

Figure D1.6.2 TLC-FID separation of lipids recovered from the gastric contents of a hooded seal pup. The mobile phase was 91 6 3 1 (v/v/v/v) hexane/ethyl acetate/diethyl ether/formic acid. Time refers to scanning time of the Chromarod. Abbreviations DG, 1,2-diglyceride FFA, free fatty acid MG, monoglyceride IS, internal standard TG, triglyceride. Reproduced from Ackman and Heras (1997) with permission from AOCS Press.

Figure D1.6.6 latroscan TLC-FID chromatograms of (A) a lipid fraction enriched with neutral lipids isolated from cod flesh and stored in ice (B) neutral lipids spiked with authentic 1 -0-palmityl-glyceryl ether dipalmitate (GE), coinciding in position with authentic highly unsaturated acids such as 22 6n-3 (C) hydrogenated neutral lipids spiked with GE. The solvent system was 97 3 1 (v/v/v) hexane/diethyl ether/formic acid for 40 min. Abbreviations O, origin SF, solvent front FFA, free fatty acid PL, phospholipids SE, steryl ester ST, free sterol TG, triglyceride. Reproduced from Ohshima et al. (1987) with permission from AOCS Press.

Fatty acid synthesis begins when the substrates, acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, are transferred onto the protein by malonyl-CoA acetyl-CoA-ACP transacylase (MAT, steps 1 and 2 in fig. 18.12a). The numbers in parentheses below the abbreviation of the enzyme in this figure refer to the reactions shown in fig. 18.12. (Whereas E. coli has separate enzymes that catalyze the transfer of acetyl- and malonyl-CoA to ACP, both reactions are catalyzed by the same enzymatic activity (MAT) on the animal fatty acid synthase.) Subsequently, /3-ketobutyryl-ACP and CO2 are formed in a condensation reaction catalyzed by /3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KS, step 3 in fig. 18.12a). 

Abbreviations Abe, abequose Man, mannose Rha, rhamnose Gal, galactose Gic. glucose GlcN Ac, N-acetyl-glucosamine Hep, / lycero-/)-manno/joctulosonic acid Etn, ethanolamine FA. fatty acids-, Gy, phosphate. Mutants that produce incomplete polysaccharide are designated Ra to Re and are indicated by the solid lines SI. PS refers to wild type I. PS. Position and number of fa tty acids linked to lipid A have been updated by Westpha et al. (46). 

The adsorption of amphiphilic molecules at the surface of a liquid can be so strong that a compact monomolecular film, abbreviated as monolayer, is formed. There are amphiphiles which, practically, do not dissolve in the liquid. This leads to insoluble monolayers. In this case the surface excess T is equal to the added amount of material divided by the surface area. Examples of monolayer forming amphiphiles are fatty acids (CH3(CH2) c 2COOH) and long chain alcohols (CH3(CH2)nc iOH) (see section 12.1). 

Direct probe analysis. The spectra of the methylated derivatives of fractions I-IV are shown in Figure 2 (a-d), together with abbreviated structured formulas and indications of some fragments (Refs. l-6 were consulted for comparison). Only fraction I gave ions indicative of the entire molecule at m/z 894 (M-l) and m/z 863 (M-32) for a monoglycosyl-ceramide containing Cj6>q fatty acid and Cjg.j long chain base. 

Figure 3.10 Comparison of lipoprotein standards and HPLC-resolved lipoproteins, (a) Partial 600 MHz HPLC-1 H NMR spectra (80.5-2.0) of the HDL, LDL and VLDL fractions separated by using directly coupled HPLC-NMR spectroscopy at 15.5, 58.9 and 86.6 min, respectively, (b) Partial 600 MHz 1H NMR spectra (8 0.5-2.0) of standard (std) HDL, LDL and VLDL. Abbreviations VLDL1, LDL1 and HDL1 indicate the resonances from the terminal methyl groups of the mobile fatty acid chains bound in the various lipoproteins VLDL2, LDL2 and HDL2 indicate resonances from the methylene groups of the mobile fatty acid chains...

Fig. 1. Targeted lipidomics of anandamide metabolism. Postulated pathways of anandamide metabolism. Abbreviations PC, phosphatidylcholine PE, phosphatidylethanolamine NAT, JV-acyl transferase LPA, lysophosphatidic acid PA, phosphatidic acid NAPE, jV-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine Lyso-NAPE, l-lyso,2-acyl-OT-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-JV-acyl ABHD-4, a//3 hydrolase-4 GP-anandamide, glycerophospho-anandamide PAEA, phospho-anandamide PLA, phospholipase A NAPE-PLD, NAPE phospholipase D PLC, phospholipase C FAAH, fatty acid amide hydrolase P, phosphatase COX, cyclooxygenase LOX, lipoxygenase CYP450, cytochrome P450 PDE, phosphodiesterase.

The first part of PI consists of two fatty acids esterified to a glycerol. One of the fatty acids is the unsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid (20 4), bound to carbon 2 of the glycerol. The other fatty acid is usually stearate (18 0). The combination of two fatty acids esterified to glycerol is called diacylglycerol, abbreviated DAG. 

Figure 18.2. Cholesterol autoxidation initiated by peroxy (LOO ) or alkoxyl (LO ) radicals arising from peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (LH). Compounds are as follows (1) CHOL (2) 7-CHOL (3) CHOO (4) 7a-OOH (5) 7fLOOH (6) CHO (7) 7a-OH (8) 7(3-OH (9) 7-keto (10) 7-keto-3,5-dien. For abbreviations, see Table 18.1.

UCOME = used cooking oil methyl esters B/S = biodiesel/solvent mass ratio TBatii = bath coolant temperature (final step) Yield = mass ratio liquid fraction to starting material Sats = total concentration of saturated fatty acid methyl esters in liquid fraction (determined by GC). See Tables 1.2 and 1.3 for other abbreviations. 

Figure 25.3. Ion trap mass spectrum of ESI-MS3 of [ROR + Li - ROOH]+ at m/z 625.5. For abbreviations, see Figure 25.2. 0 CH=CHC00H is a,p-unsaturated oleic acid from the sn-2 position. R CH=CHCOOH is a,p-unsaturated ricinoleic acid from the sn-2 position. C7H14O is the loss from the cleavage between C-ll and C-12 of ricinole-ate chain. C3H40 is the loss of glycerol backbone to form acid anhydride of two fatty acids. R"CH=C=0 is a ketene from ricinoleate at the sn-1,3 position.

Fatty acids sometimes are designated by the number of carbon atoms in the chain, followed by a colon with additional numbers indicating the number of double bonds. In the 18-carbon series, Cl8 0, Cl8 1, Cl8 2, and C18 3 represent stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, respectively. One- or two-letter abbreviations sometimes are used, with these acids designated as St, O, L, and Ln, respectively. 

If the positions of fatty acids on the TAG molecule are known, the sn system is preferred for identifying their locations sn immediately before the word glycerol, asinl-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-3-myristoyl-sn-glycerol, identifies the respective fatty acids in the 1, 2, and 3 positions the term rac (racemic mixture), as in rac-StOM, identifies the middle acid in the 2-glycerol position and the remaining fatty acids are equally divided between the sn-1 and sn-1 positions and the term 3, as in 3-StOM, identifies the middle acid in the 2-glycerol position, but distribution of the other two acids is unknown.33 Despite international efforts to standardize chemical terminology and abbreviations, a variety is still used, especially in cis and trans notations. 

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