Farman

J. C. Farman discovered the ozone hole (substantial seasonal depletion of ozone) over Halley Bay, Antarctica. 

Figure 4. Ozone profiles measured in 1987 over Halley Bay, Antarctica, by Farman (20).

Farman, J. C., Gardiner, B. G. and Shanklin, J. D. (1985). Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClO /NOx interaction. Nature 315, 207-210. 

Olabisi O. and Farman A.G., Multiphase Polymers, Advances in Chemistry Series, Vol. 176 (Cooper S.L. and Estes G.M., eds.), American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1993, 559. 

Cermak, J. O., R. F. Farman, L. S. Tong, J. E. Casterline, S. Kokolis, and B. Matzner, 1970, The Departure from Nucleate Boiling in Rod Bundles during Pressure Blowdown, Trans. ASME, Ser. C, J. Heat Transfer 92(4) 621-627. (4)... 

Farman, N., Bonvalet, J. P. and Seckl, J. R. Aldosterone selectively increases Na+-K+-ATPase alpha 3-subunit mRNA expression in rat hippocampus. Am. ]. Physiol. 266 C423-C428,1994. 

Downham M, Cork A, Farman D, Hall D, Innocenzi P, Phythian S, Padi B, Lower S, Sarfo JE (2002) Abstracts,XIXth Annual Meeting, Int Soc Chem Ecol, Hamburg,Aug 3-7,2002... 

Bashir T, Birkinshaw LA, Farman D, Hall DR, Hodges RJ (2003) J Chem Ecol 29 945... 

Downham MCA, Hall DR, Chamberlain DJ, Cork A, Farman DI, Tamo M,... 

The history of ozone depletion took a dramatic turn in 1985 when J. C. Farman at the BAS Halley Bay station announced that ozone levels over the Antarctic had decreased by more than 40 percent between 1977 and 1984. Farman explained that ozone levels had fallen so low that one could say that a "hole had formed in the ozone layer above the South Pole. In 1984, that "hole covered an area of more than 15 million square miles (40 million square kilometers), equal to the size of the continental United States. Clearly, ozone depletion was not a long-term problem about which scientists could debate for the next century or so. It was an issue that demanded quick attention and action. 

Hasan, A., Farman, M., and Ahmed, I., Flavonoid glycosides from Indigofera hebepetala. Phytochemistry, 35, 275, 1994. 

Figure 1.7 shows the total column ozone measured in October at one Antarctic location, Halley Bay, as a function of year. This includes the original Farman et al. (1985) data, as well as more recent data up to 1994 (Jones and Shanklin, 1995). It is clear that starting in the late 1970 s, there was a dramatic drop in total column ozone at the end of the polar winter when sunrise occurs. Observation of such a rapid change is unprecedented and quite remarkable. 

In 1985, Farman et al. reported that the total column ozone at Halley Bay in the Antarctic had decreased substantially at polar sunrise each year for about 5-10 years. Figure 12.16 shows the Farman et al. data supplemented by measurements taken since then (Jones and Shanklin, 1995). Clearly a major drop in column ozone has been occurring since the mid to late 1970s. The extent of this change, and the rapidity with which it occurred, were unprecedented and focused the atmospheric chemistry community s attention on the reasons for this massive destruction of stratospheric ozone in the Antarctic spring. 

Farman and co-workers (1985) suggested that the reaction between HC1 and C10N02 may play a key role if it were fast enough, which at the time did not seem to be the case for the gas-phase reaction. Subsequently, Solomon et al. (1986) proposed that enhancement of this reaction on the ice surfaces of polar stratospheric clouds could explain the development of... 

Farman, J. (2001) Halocarbons, the ozone layer and the precautionary principle , in European Environment Agency Late Lessons from Early Warnings The Precautionary Principle 1896— 2000, Office for the Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, pp76-83... 

Dickinson, M., Farman, G., Frye, M., Bekyarova, T., Gore, D., Maughan, D., and Irving, T. (2005). Molecular dynamics of cyclically contracting insect flight muscle in vivo. Nature 433, 330-334. 

In the mid-1970s F. Sherwood Rowland and M. Molina showed evidence that Freons might drift freely and remain unaffected for up to 100 years, eventually move to the ozone layer, produce free chlorine atoms, and possibly destroy ozone (Molina and Rowland, 1974, pp. 810-812). They thus laid the foundation for a theory of ozone depletion and, together with Paul Crutzen of the Max Planck Institute, received the obel Prize for chemistry in 1995. In 1985 Joseph C. Farman, et al. published an article demonstrating the large volume of diminished ozone over Antarctica (Farman, Gardiner, and Shanklin, 1985, pp. 207-210). 

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