Fallow systems

Fenster, C.R. and G.A. Wicks (1982). Fallow systems for winter wheat in western Nebraska. Agron. J., 14 9-13. 

No use of various cropping system approaches (crop rotation, inter cropping, mixed cropping, improved fallow systems, hedge systems)... 

Tian, G. Kang, B.T. Kolawole, G.O. Idinoba, P. and F.K. Salako (2005) Longterm effects of fallow systems and lengths on crop production and soil fertility maintenance in West Africa.- Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 71, 139-150. 

Organic preparation of the soil by green manuring or fallow systems... 

In the same region of Costa Rica, the use of improved fallow systems yielded land values of 5-12 thousand per hectare at a 5% real interest rate, after inflation (Montagnini and Mendelsohn 1996). This system involved planting native tree species to replenish soil... 

The use of solvent mixtures helps to combine tbe chemical and physical effects of absorption. This mainly involves the fallowing systems methanol and etbanolamines (Lurgi Amisol processes), sulfolane and diisopropyiamine (Shell Sulfinol process). 

Shifting cultivation may involve only the matter of shifting crop production from one field to another, or in some cases a tribe may for various reasons move from one locality to another. In either case the effects on soil fertility and crop production are much the same, since on any one piece of land there is the long fallow period followed by the short cropping period. Occasionally the fallow system is avoided by individual farmers, or by those in a village, if livestock are kept in appreciable numbers. In this case the animals may graze over a considerable area, and the manure be used to fertilize a comparatively small area annually devoted to crops. Soil fertility is thus maintained on a small area at the expense of many acres used for grazing. 

Comparisons of stubble mulch with complete chemical fallow systems of farming have usually given results that favor the former system. For example. Black and Power (1965) reported that wheat yields on stubble-mulched soils were higher than where spray was used. Furthermore, neither chemical fallow nor combinations of chemical and mechanically-tilled plots resulted in more moisture conservation than with conventional stubble mulch. Wind erodibility was, however, less with complete chemical fallow soils, doubtless because of complete absence of tillage. 

Follett RF, Paul EA, Leavitt SW, Halvorson AD, Lyon D, Peterson GA (1997) Carbon isotope ratios of Great Plains soils and in wheat-fallow cropping systems. Soil Sci Soc Am J 61 1068-1077... 

For transitions involving An + 2 and An electron systems, the pictures will be as fallows. The First leads to Suprafacial overlap while the second to antarafacial overlap. 

Buresh RJ, Chua TT, Castillo EG, Liboon SP, Garrity DP. 1993a. Fallow and Sesbania effects on soil nitrogen dynamics in lowland rice-based cropping systems. Agronomy Journal 85 316-321. 

Note The formulas in the Inorganic Syntheses, VoL 32 Formula Index fallow the CAS Registry system. 

In other soil incubation studies Cheshire et al. (1974, 1979) found that some sugars in straw in labeled plant material decomposed rapidly, but others decomposed relatively slowly, and about 15% of these remained after five years. There was little indication that xylose or cellulose was synthesized by soil microorganisms. However, studies by Cheshire and Anderson (1975) showed that plant residues are essential to maintain the soil carbohydrate levels. Total carbohydrate contents of soils fallowed for 10 years fell by as much as 50%. Because there was no significant change in the compositions of the soil carbohydrate as the result of the fallow, it was concluded that the sugars were equally susceptible to metabolism regardless of the management system. 

---