Historical fabrics

Historically, SOG techniques have been used the most for IMD fabrication, but TEOS/o2one (TEOS/O ) processes are more recent developments that have been increasing in popularity based on excellent step coverage and void-free characteristics. TEOS/O doped with boron and phosphoms (BPTEOS/O ) has replaced BPSG in small-scale devices, and has been used successfully in 4- and 16-Mb DRAM production (16). 

Transverse Dimensions or Fineness. Historically, the quantity used to describe the fineness or coarseness of a fiber was the diameter. Eor fibers that have irregular cross-sections or that taper along their lengths, the term diameter has no useful meaning. Eor cylindrical fibers, however, diameter is an accurate measurement of the transverse dimension. Though textile fibers can be purchased in a variety of cross-sectional shapes, diameter is stiU a useful descriptor of the transverse dimension. Eiber diameter is important in determining not only the ease with which fibers can be twisted in converting them to yams, but also fiber stiffness, ie, fabric stiffness, and, alternatively, fabric softness and drapeabiHty. 

Rinehar, J.S., Historical Perspective Metallurgical Effects of High Strain-Rate Deformation and Fabrication, in Shock Waves and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena in Metals (edited by Meyers, M.A. and Murr, L.E.), Plenum, New York, 1981, pp. 3-20. 

Plastics, in the modem meaning, are synthetic materials capable of being molded. The Greek word plastikos means to form. Natural products, while plastic, are usually excluded. Resins may be natural or synthetic. The distinction between plastics and resins is arbitrary - many synthetic materials are both. Historically, the term resin was applied to synthetic substitutes for the natural product plastic was applied to compositions involving molding in their fabrication. Cuslomarily, the fiber industry is considered to be distinct from the plastics industry, although it uses the same ra v materials - polyamides (nylon), cellulose, and cellulose acetate. 

Historically, storability, ignitibility and burn time have been recurring problems in tracer munition fabrication. The endothermic decompn of metal salt oxidizers and the brief exposure to the propint flame (0.5j-2msec) brought about the need for special igniters and... 

Why does the amount of acid in paper make such a difference Acids are corrosive chemicals. Corrosive chemicals can destroy material or living tissue on contact. Paper does not contain enough acid to burn skin, but over time the paper becomes stiff and brittle and eventually falls apart. As a result, precious personal memories or important historical documents that were written on acidic paper can be lost. Acid-containing paper can also transfer the acid to other objects in a process called acid migration. The acid can weaken or destroy the fibers in fabrics. It can also ruin photographs. Therefore, to preserve those irreplaceable memories, be sure to use paper that is acid-free. 

Thermosets differ molecularly from thermoplastics in that their individual chains are anchored to one another through crosslinks. The resulting network creates cohesive materials that demonstrate better thermal stability, rigidity, and dimensional stability than thermoplastics. Some examples of traditional thermosets are melamine-formaldehyde resins, which are used to treat fabrics to make them wrinkle-free, and Bakelite (a phenol-formaldehyde resin), a historically important polymer used in many applications, such as costume jewelry, electrical switches, and radio casings. 

Design-based, or prescriptive, standards, however, specify the materials and design for components, subsystems, and systems that are covered by the standard. An example of such standards are those found in the ASME s Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which specify the materials, design, fabrication, installation, testing and inspection, and operation and maintenance that boilers and pressure vessels must meet. Such prescriptive standards are common for stationary components and systems that must be approved by state and local code officials. Most of these requirements are based on historical practice and safety experience and have served the affected industries well. 

The third general classification of solution synthesis approaches used for inorganic electronic thin film fabrication is referred to as metallo-organic decomposition, or MOD for short.23-29,37,38,85 Historically long-chain carboxylate compounds, such as lead 2-ethylhexanoate, zirconium neodecanoate, and titanium di-methoxy di-neodecanoate have been used.23-29,85 Both commercially available precursors and in-house synthesized starting reagents have been used. 

Stable mixtures of anti-diazotates and Naphtols were marketed as Rapid Fast colours for printing onto fabric with development of the azoic dye by steaming. The anti-diazosulphonates (4.113) [113], which were prepared by treatment of a diazonium salt with sodium sulphite and which regenerate the diazonium ion on treatment with an oxidising agent, found similar use. Both ranges are now of only historical interest. 

The most important shift is from the historical automotive sector to the new hydrogen-vehicle technology sectors. This conglomerate consists mainly of fabricated metals, the electrical and the machinery plastic sector and the chemical sector. 

DeNeal, D.L., Historical Events Single Pass Reactors and Fuels Fabrication, DUN-6888, Douglas United Nuclear Inc., Richland, WA, 1970. 

Due to the historical importance of the initial stages of silicon oxidation to microelectronics fabrication, there has been a great deal of interest in the reaction of the water oxidant on the Si(100)-2 x 1 surface. A number of studies have shown that water adsorbs in a dissociated state consisting of OH(a) and H(a) species adsorbed on the Si surface dimer at room temperature [60-69]. More recent studies have closely investigated the mechanism of water oxidation. A series of density functional theory calculations (DFT) calculations by Konecny and Doren indicated that water first molecularly adsorbs through one of its lone pairs in a weakly bound precursor state, then transfers a proton to form OH(a) and H(a) species on the surface dimer [43]. The pathway to proton transfer is found to be unactivated with respect to the entrance channel, which suggests that OH(a) and H(a) are the dominant surface species at room temperature, in agreement with the previous experimental work [60-69]. 

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