Fabrication formation process

After the fabric formation process, textiles are generally subjected to either dyeiag or printing and to a variety of mechanical and chemical finishing operations. The specific nature of the dyeiag and finishing operations depends on the fiber type and on the iatended use of the fabric. 

Regardless of their method of fabrication, most liposome preparations need to be further classified and purified before use. To remove excess aqueous components that were not encapsulated during the vesicle formation process, gel filtration using a column of Sephadex G-50 or dialysis can be employed. To fractionate the liposome population according to size, gel filtration using a column of Sepharose 2B or 4B should be done. 

The islands-in-the-sea approach uses bico technology to extrude filaments that contain a multiplicity of small fibrils encased in a soluble matrix. After fiber processing and fabric formation, the matrix is dissolved away to leave behind the microfibers. Fibers with sub-micron diameters can be produced. The process is expensive, but luxurious fabrics and nonwoven materials such as Ultrasuede are made in this way. 

Pseudomorphs on a bronze Shang Dynasty halberd (ca. 1300 b.c.) were subjected to mineralogical analysis to determine their structure and composition. X-Ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive analysis of x-rays were used in these analyses. Photomicrographs of pseudomorphs also were studied for fiber, yam, and fabric formations that give evidence of textiles. A model describing the process of silk pseudomorph formation was proposed. 

Exact knowledge of the molecular weight distribution (MWD) functions is useful and/or necessary for two very different purposes control of the properties of given polymer samples and fabrics, and investigation of the elementary reaction in polymer formation processes. This kind of use is possible because the MWD function of a given polymer sample is an approximately complete record of its formation process. 

Laser ablation of metal targets in liquids provides a rapid and simple method for preparation of stable metal nanoparticles. Advantages of this technique include its versatility with respect to metals or solvents, and the absence of chemical reagents or ions in the final preparation. The developed technique offers a good control over the particles formation process and an effective collection and conservation of fabricated materials. 

Hu and coworkers [126, 127] firstly developed an in situ precipitation approach to fabrication of 3D ordered chitosan rods with a structure of concentric circles through the formation process illustrated in Fig. 11. Briefly, the chitosan/acetic acid solution is filled into a bag made of chitosan membrane, and then immersed into 5% NaOH aqueous solution. When OH ions from the outside solution permeate into... 

Optical absorbance, PL, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterizations clearly demonstrated the successful fabrication of the multilayered films. The resulting multilayered films preserve the stable and highly-luminescent optical properties of the in situ functionalized CdSe QDs. The layered deposition of QDs is uniform in each step during the film formation process as inferred from the inset in Fig. 9.7(a), indicating likely equal... 

Nonwoven geotextiles. Nonwoven fabrics are defined as a sheet, web, or batt of directionally or randomly oriented fibres/filaments, bonded either by friction, and/or cohesion, and/or adhesion. In general, nonwoven fabric formation can be considered as a two-step process web formation (aligning the fibres with certain orientation characteristics) and bonding these fibres by mechanical, thermal, or chemical means. This two-step process has formed the classification of nonwoven structures, i.e. carded, airlaid, spunlaid, meltblown, needlepunched, hydroentangled, adhesive bonded, thermal bonded, stitch bonded, etc. Some of the important processes that are used for the manufacture of nonwoven geotextiles are discussed below. 

Despite these still-challenging issues, the fabrication of nanotubes using nanoporous hard templates is associated with several advantages beyond the possibility to align them. Readily available porous hosts such as self-ordered porous AAO have a narrow pore diameter (Dp) distribution and pores with Dp-values ranging from about 20 nm up to a few lOOnm. The pore depths (Tp) can be adjusted to values between about 1 im and several 100 xm. Therefore, it is easily possible to tailor the diameter and the aspect ratio of the nanotubes. However, the most important advantage is the possibility to control mesoscopic structure formation processes inside the pores. There are relatively few limitations regarding the materials that can be formed into nanotubes via hard templates. Mixtures, sols, semicrys-... 

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