Extra effect

Alkane carbon atoms satisfy the charge-NMR shift correlation [Eq. (6.8)]. With the alkylamines, things could be different because of a possible extra effect due to the presence of the nitrogen atom a-carbons should perhaps be compared only among themselves, and so should the /3- and y-carbons. The S-carbons, in contrast, which are sufficiently separated from the nitrogen center, could probably be treated as if they were part of an alkane. This point has been examined as follows for the —C 2—H2—NH2 motif, focusing on the dissociation and intrinsic bond energies, Dc Cp and sc Cp, respectively. 

The role of dopamine is discussed more thoroughly in Finder, Chapter 14, in this volume. Several antidepressants are thought to have enhanced antidepressant action attributed to extra effects on the dopamine system. Bupropion, which is available as an antidepressant in the United States only, has an indirect effect on dopamine. An appropriate minimum effective dose was not established in the early clinical trial development program, and the rather high doses used in clinical practice may have contributed to the number of reports of convulsions. The rate, which is acceptable at lower doses of 450 mg/day, rises to unacceptable levels at higher doses [J. A. Johnston et al. 1991). 

Having dealt with the transformation of all the MOs of the linear molecules to those of the bent variety, there is a very important extra effect which is incorporated into Figure 5.20 as the result of the interaction of the orbitals 6a, and 7a,. Because these orbitals have the same symmetry and are fairly close to each other in energy, they may and do interact so that the 6a, orbital is stabilized at the expense of the 7a, orbital. The atomic orbital contributions to the MOs are shown in Figure 5.21 for the 2n -6a. and 5a +-7a. transformations. 

In the case of the higher frequency <3XH vibrations the motion of the hydrogen atom is already considerably restricted by the force constant controlling the R—X—H angle, i.e. it is a fairly normal low amplitude vibration. The extra effect of the H-bond is to restrict further the amplitude of motion, although at the same time it becomes possible for this vibration to interact- with low frequency motions of the type 6(RXH YR ). This latter type of interaction may be the cause of some breadth of dO H vibrations of the alcohols where the... 

Usage Stems and leaves smoked to relieve asthma or produce mild intoxication. Roots and seeds for divinatory uses. Root is crushed in water and drunk. Leaves and seeds added to ganga (cannabis) in India for extra effects. 

Consider now the adsorption of cations. Two kinds of explanations are possible within the model. One is that reaction is dominated by the first hydrolysis product - the monovalent MOH" " ions. Provided the pH is more than about one unit below the pK for this reaction, the concentration of MOH ions increases 10-fold for each unit increase in pH. An extra effect of pH is produced from the decrease in electrical potential as the pH is increased. Thus, this explanation requires that there must be at least a ten-fold increase in the effectiveness of ions in inducing adsorption with each unit increase in pH. This is consistent with the conclusions of Kinniburgh and Jackson [58] who reported effects of pH which were more than ten-fold for reaction of cobalt, copper, zinc and cadmium with iron oxide. The values were Co, 25 fold Cu, 33 fold Zn 45 fold and Cd 50 fold. 

Transit Models The development of indirect effect models (32) facilitated the evaluation of many disease-mediated processes such as changes in biomarker levels over time. Control streams and example databases for these models are presented elsewhere in Chapters 22 and 23 and will not be covered here. However, as was discussed, when applying these indirect response models, it is possible to increase the delay in response by the addition of extra compartments. The addition of these extra effect compartments also creates additional parameters that need to be estimated, which are often not identifiable. 

N(side chain) s defined [7] as the "extra effect of side chain, per -CH2- or other bivalent group". Since the of any polymer is a constant whose value is exactly determined from the structure of the repeat unit, the only remaining task is to develop a correlation for HTlsum. The total value of can be calculated by adding B, . to B. ... 

However, in doing a series of experiments at different levels of the component Z3, along the axis Xj = Xj, we might perhaps find that the form of the synergism is rather different to what was expected, the "extra" effect along this line being proportional to the total amount of the Xj + Xj components and not to its square. The effect of X is to diminish linearly that of the other two components. If a model is strictly additive with respect to X3, the response should vary proportionally to the... 

Their type of micellar system belongs to the group of biphasic water/organic systems. These systems are simple and convenient in regard to regulation of equilibrium of the reactions executed therein [66,67]. The presence of an additional micellar matrix (the third micellar phase) in a biphasic system allows one to obtain extra effects in the equilibrium state, often very significant [4,68]. 

Because of the expected drop in l -effective, extra fuel is built into the reactor at the beginning of the core life, which in turn requires a more extensive control system to counteract this initial "extra" -effective. This is referred to as "excess reactivity" (with "reactivity" generally defined as the (lr-effective-l)/lr-effective). Many core designs include built-in absorbers, referred to as "burnable poisons" that reduce the control problems that this excess reactivity introduces. These absorbers reduce the initial /c-effective—allowing less absorbing control systems to be used—but are generally designed to burn up before the end of the cycle so as to not shorten the core lifetime. (Alternatively, burnable poisons can be used to extend the reactor cycle life with the same control system.)... 

The relative pA values of amines derived from polynuclear hydrocarbons present a fairly consistent pattern, although all its features cannot be fully explained. The values of m- and aminobiphenyl are somewhat lower than that of aniline, while that of o-aminobi-phenyl is much lower still (Table 15). Some lowering in all three cases is to be expected through the inductive effect of the second ring, but the extra effect for the ortho compound must arise from some steric effect, possibly steric exclusion of hydration of the cation. It is noteworthy that ionisation of the o-aminobiphenyl cation is accompemied by a much greater increase in entropy than for its meta and para isomers. Closely analogous behaviour is shown by the aminofluorenes. 

Therefore, in the practice of polymer filling modification, any extra effects of valuable performances of polymer materials must be prevented, and an integrated balance should be achieved among the contradictory effects. 

In our first study, we examined the effect of added alcohols on the solubility of benzalde-hyde in water and on the rate of the benzoin condensation in water. We saw — in a plot with 15 points - that there was a good parallel between the log of the solubility and the log of the rate constant effect (increased solubility and decreased rate with added alcohols in water). Since the effect of added alcohols on the solubility ofbenzaldehyde simply reflects the antihydrophobic role of the additives, this must also be true of the rate effects. That is, apparently there was no extra effect relating to solvation of charges in the rate changes with additives they simply reflected the fact that the transition state for the benzoin condensation -under these conditions the transition state occurs during the addition of the cyanohydrin anion to the aldehyde - is less stabilized by additives than is the starting material. Some... 

Turning now to the second fluoro-sub-stituted series, (/ )-1-alkoxy 2-[4-(2,3-di-fluoro-4 -pentylbiphenyl-4-ylcarbonyloxy)-phenoxylpropanes (compounds 96 to 101), the transition temperatures listed in Table 8, show that as would be expected, the insertion of a second fluoro-substituent appears to have little extra effect on the clearing point over that of the 2 -fluoro-substi-tuted series [84]. 

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