Externalities functional explanation

These explanations do not exhaust the possibilities with regard to underlying causes, but they do illustrate an important point the analysis of human error purely in terms of its external form is not sufficient. If the underlying causes of errors are to be addressed and suitable remedial strategies developed, then a much more comprehensive approach is required. This is also necessary from the predictive perspective. It is only by classifying errors on the basis of underlying causes that specific types of error can be predicted as a function of the specific conditions under review. 

One of the best-established functions of anthocyanins is in the production of flower color and the provision of colors attractive to plant pollinators. Considerable effort has been made to give explanations for the color variations expressed by anthocyanins in plants. Various factors including concentration and nature of the anthocyanidin, anthocyanidin equilibrium forms, the extent of anthocyanin glycosidation and acylation, the nature and concentration of copigmentation, metal complexes, intra- and intermolecular association mechanisms, and influence of external factors like pH, salts, etc. have been found to have impact on anthocyanin colors. ... 

The results observed for 13 and 14 clearly showed the strong influence of the orientation of the ester linking function on the mesomorphic properties. An explanation of this influence was attempted from stereoelectronic and structural considerations (Scheme 9-1). In A, the organic unit used to prepare 13, electron delocalization occurs from the O-atom of the alkoxy chain to the ester function. Thus, mesomerism takes place in the external part of the organic fragment. However, in B, from which series 14 was built up, electron delocalization appears in the interior of the organic core, and in the opposite direction. Consequently, the O-atom of the ether group is more polar in A than in B. Furthermore, examination of CPK... 

A possible explanation is that in these runs the SO2 concentration in the feed gas was 1% and its partial pressure was a linear function of the total pressure of the feed. Consequently, the decrease of the rate of adsorption is a net result of two opposing effects. Higher pressures, on one hand, increase the number of collisions between gas molecules and the external surface of the adsorbent, and on the other hand decrease the flexibility of the orientation of the gas molecules in the direction that will allow them to enter the adsorbent pores. The last effect is apparently dominant and offsets the gain in adsorption rate due to higher collision frequency. 

---