Exterior Waterproofing

Melamine or melamine—ureas are used in the manufacture of tmck and railroad flooring, laminated lumber, beams, exterior doors, marine plywood, toilet seats, and school furniture. The bonds in these products meet a variety of commercial, military, and federal specifications for exterior waterproof adhesives. 

GF C I, or G F I- Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter- an ultra sensitive plug designed to shut off all electric current. Used in bathrooms, kitchens, exterior waterproof outlets, garage outlets, and "wet areas". Has a small reset button on the plug. 

The adhesive used in virtually all softwood plywood has a phenol—formaldehyde (PF) base to provide an exterior-grade, durable, waterproof bond. Thus, most grades of plywood can be used in stmctural appHcations. A very small percentage of softwood plywood is made using interior-grade adhesive systems, and this material is used in interior cabinetry, furniture, and shelving. 

The application of dampproofing and waterproofing materials on the exterior, interior, or both sides of the foundation that can serve as a radon-resistant barrier is recommended to help control radon entry. It must be understood that a coating applied to a foundation intended to resist the flow of radon into the building is in addition to the normal waterproofing/dampproofing requirements. 

Weep holes are used to drain water from the block cores into the subslab area when surface waterproofing barriers fail. Such a connection between the exterior and interior subslab areas is an obvious channel for radon entry, allowing soil gas to pass from the subslab to the interior of the block wall. Openings from the subslab into the block wall would also make it difficult to apply active SSD at a later date. If the block tops are sealed and the interior of the block wall is sealed, then weep holes would be much less of a problem as radon entry points or as barriers to SSD. 

The applications are, for example, skylights, domes, veranda roofs in simple or double-wall sheets of polycarbonate, exterior spotlights, waterproofed lights, globes. 

Wattle tannin resins are also used to manufacture other resins, such as foams comparable to phenolics, as waterproofing additives, and binders for corrugated cardboard or charcoal briquettes. This discussion, however, deals only with particleboard, plywood, glulam, and finger-jointing exterior-grade wood adhesives. Formulations of the adhesives will be mentioned ad hoc, if at all necessary, as they have already been extensively discussed in articles and reviews in the relevant literature.(7)... 

Casein adhesives experienced similar problems. Once the industry recognized that they were not waterproof, as was originally believed, they were rapidly replaced by resorcinols in most structural, cold-set applications where pressure was easily applied. Crosslinking polyvinyl acetates became preferable in some nonstructural, cold-set applications. Cheaper PF resins took over those exterior applications that allowed the use of heat and pressure. UF resins took over many interior applications on the basis of superior costs and mold resistance. Although the basic raw material cost is not a complete picture of the costs of its adhesive derivatives, it is a fairly good index. Table III shows how casein and blood compare with their competition at the present time. Although the exact prices of these materials fluctuate considerably, the approximate order of their costs has not changed much in the last 15 years. The materials are listed in order of cost. 

All the tunnels were founded on or in the shattered basalt. Most of the tunnel footage was placed in trench-type (open) excavations. Backfill consisted of a mixture of the two upper strata, with embedded rock fragments in some areas, compacted to 90% to 95% modified AASHO maximum density. Waterproofing provisions included external membranes at the junctions of tunnels with other facilities, lead washers for all tunnel bolts, welding of all laps, and, on the exterior tunnel surface, a -in.-thick asbestos-fibered asphalt mastic placed on an asphalt prime coat. 

Phenol formaldehyde, on the the other hand, is used to make the waterproof adhesives that are used in structural wood panel products such as softwood plywood, oriented strand board, waferboard and exterior (phenolic) particleboard. These products are commonly used for roof, floor and wall sheathings, exterior sidings, concrete forms and in pallets and numerous other products. 

Fibreboard kegs can be used for solid bulk drug, bulk tablet, or bulk excipient containment and transport. These are made up of multiple plies of test or Kraft liner board, convolutedly wound on a mandrel and bonded with sodium silicate adhesive between the plies. There may be an LDPE or other inside liner and the exterior may also be varnished. The base could be of either metal or plain thick board, the latter waterproofed by dipping into paraffin wax. 

Products and Uses Preservative for exterior items such as railroad ties, in wood treatment, foundation coatings, waterproofing, telephone poles, and waterside dock pilings. Used in fungicides, biocides, skin disinfectant, and veterinary skin treatments. 

Products and Uses Added to exterior paints and varnishes. Derived from seeds of plant grown in the Orient. Used for waterproofing, finishes, and packaging materials. 

Dampproofing- The black, tar like waterproofing material applied to the exterior of a foundation wall. 

Foundation waterproofing- High-quality below-grade moisture protection. Used for below-grade exterior concrete and masonry wall damp-proofing to seal out moisture and prevent corrosion. Normally looks like black tar. 

Uses Mfg. of quick-drying wood varnishes, exterior paint, linoleum, floor cloth in India rubber substitutes insulating masses for waterproofing paper, etc. drying oil for printing inks drying oil in resins forfood pkg. 

Exterior type plywood n. Plywood bonded with a fully waterproof glueline. 

Spar varnish n. A very durable waterproof varnish for exterior use. Obtained its name from use in coating ships spars. 

A final step in the entire restoration process involves sealing all porous surfaces on the exterior facade. This procedure waterproofs the masonry to minimize the ingress of water, protects against attack by pollutants and other chemicals, minimizes the collection of dirt, and protects against graffiti damage. 

These self-supporting domes required no internal or external support during or after manufacture. View (c) shows the ease in cutting windows, doors, connecting hallways from dome to dome, etc. The exterior of each dome was covered with steel wire mesh and concrete followed with waterproofing. Unfortunately its limitation in building structures was its potential fire hazard. However this basic concept with appropriate plastic foam material protection provides another approach to the low cost plastic house, etc. 

Positive-side waterproofing systems postapplied to the surface of the element that is directly exposed to moisture, typically the exterior side of the foundation wall. They are available in numerous materials and forms. 

Where and how is the final bonded assembly going to be used This is a key question that is sometimes overlooked. All too often the final assembly will stand outdoors in all kinds of weather, yet a waterproof adhesive has not been selected. Many manufacturers are inclined to take some poetic license in describing their products as water resistant or waterproof. If the product is to be used outdoors, the label should not only state waterproof but also describe the conditions under which the adhesive can be used and will perform. Most wood glues are not waterproof and should not be exposed to exterior conditions. 

Another cause of paint peeling is excess moisture in the space behind a painted surface. The moisture condenses into water, enters the unpainted portion of a surface, then pushes the paint off the surface. If the excess moisture comes from inside a building, it is usually caused by insufficient ventilation to the outside and a paint system that is not waterproof. The solution in this case is to provide more ventilation to the outside and if necessary to apply a waterproof paint system. If the excess moisture comes from the outside, it is usually caused by insufficient ventilation of the space between the inside and outside surfaces. The solution in this case is to increase ventilation by adding ports to an exterior surface. Excessive caulking and sealing can turn a house into a blister box, resulting in excessive peeling when there are insufficient ventilation ports. 

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