Exposure to vapors

Symptoms of exposure Exposure to vapors may cause eye and respiratory tract irritation (Patnaik, 1992). 

Toxicity. It is a lacrymator and irritates the skin mucous membranes, especially of the respiratory tract (Ref 26). Prolonged exposure to vapors causes damage to liver, kidneys, and other organs. Concn in air of 0.1 ppm is fatal and 3.3ppm or higher are rapidly fatal (Ref 47, p 1156). Its threshold limit value in air is set at lppm (Ref 47, p 22) 

In normal practice, good ventilation to reduce exposure to vapors, splash-proof goggles to avoid eye contact, and protective clothing to avoid skin contact are required for the safe handling of acrylic monomers. A more extensive discussion of these factors should be consulted before handling these monomers (67). 

HD vapors are heavier than air and tend to seek lower elevations. HD is slightly soluble in cold water and soluble in most organic solvents. Exposure in any concentration will cause severe choking. Exposure to vapors in low to moderate concentrations will cause temporary blindness and inflammation of the entire respiratory tract. Higher concentrations cause permanent blindness and strip the bronchial tubes of their mucus membrane linings. 

The vapors of aHyl chloride are very irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat. Lung injury may be delayed in onset. Liver and kidney injury can result from exposure to vapors kidney injury is expected to be most severe in acute exposures. High concentrations of vapor can be lethal. FoHowing chronic exposures to the vapors, Hver injury would be expected to occur first (23). 

Fig. 4.12 Dynamic response profiles at different wavelengths upon replicate (n 3) exposures to vapors at 0.02 P/Pq concentration (a) water, (b) ACN, (c) DCM, and (d) toluene. Wavelengths 770 nm circles), 835 nm squares), and 870 nm diamonds). Reprinted from Ref. 15 with permission. 2008 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Health and Safety. Both N-methylpyrrohdinone and dibasic esters have very low vapor pressure which limits worker exposure to vapors. Manufacturers recommend that the same safety precautions be taken as with other organic solvents. Ha2ardous location requirements must be considered if the formula is flammable. Ventilation that reduces vapors to manufacturer s recommended exposure levels should be used. 

Very low. Even very small, repeated exposures of HD are cumulative in their effects or more than cumulative owing to sensitization. This has been shown in the postwar case histories of workers in mustard-filling plants. Exposure to vapors from spilled HD causes minor symptoms, such as "red eye." Repeated exposure to vapor causes 100% disability 

Musculoskeletal Effects. A case of muscle pain and weakness was described in an individual after intermittent chronic inhalation and dermal exposure to vapors and solutions of phenol, cresol, and xylenol (Merliss 1972). The symptoms lessened when the subject was removed from exposure. 

Evaluation of chromatograms la 133ff Evaluation, peak area or height la 31,33,40 -, optical trains la 30, 39 Evipan la 339,343 Excitation to fluorescence la 10,12,20,37 Explosion resulting from reagent residues la 82,253,261,315,365 Explosives lb 49,244,407-409 Exposure to vapors la 86 

Dowtheim J (Dow Corning Coi poration). A mixture of isomers of an alkylated aromatic recommended temperature range —70°C to 300°C noncorrosive toward steel, common metals and alloys combustible material flash point 58°C low toxic prolonged and repeated exposure to vapors should be limited 10 ppm for daily exposures of eight hours. 

Health and Safety Factors. The Material Safety Data Sheets provided by the suppUers should be consulted for each product. In general, products are aqueous emulsions with low levels of toxicity. Products with high solvent content have mostly been eliminated. Personnel handling the chemicals should always avoid contact of the products with skin and eyes, and avoid exposure to vapors if the product contains volatile components. 

Hepatic Effects. Enlarged liver and elevated serum levels of hepatic enzymes indicative of liver injury (lactate dehydrogenase, 2 times above normal aspartate aminotransferase, 21 times above normal alanine aminotransferase, 100 times above normal) were observed in an individual following chronic daily exposure to vapors and spills of phenol (Merliss 1972). The symptoms lessened when the 

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