Explosives polynitroaromatic

Polynitroaromatic compounds are used as explosives. They are toxic and might cause liver damage, methemoglobinemia and uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylation process. Trace analyses of polynitroaromatic residues in groundwater, surface water, rainwater... 

It is widely stated in the usual reference texts that nitroaromatic compounds and more particularly polynitroaromatic compounds may present a severe explosion risk if subjected to shock, or if heated rapidly and uncontrollably, as in fire... 

It has been known for a long time that polynitroaromatic compounds produce colored products in contact with aUcafis [1]. These color reactions have been extensively used for the identification of nitroaromatic explosives. In the Janowski reaction [7], a solution of the polynitroaromatic compound (di- or trinitroaromatic) in acetone is treated with concentrated aqueous KOH solution. 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (TNB) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), treated with 30% aqueous KOH, produced violet-red and red colors, respectively. Many variations of the Janowski reaction were reported, using KOH or NaOH in aqueous or ethanoHc solutions as reagents, and dissolving the explosives in acetone, ethanol or acetone-ethanol mixture [3,8]. The reaction was used both for spot tests and for spraying TLC plates [9]. 

Although most color tests for polynitroaromatic explosives are based on their reaction with bases, a completely different approach involves the reduction of nitroaromatic compound to the corresponding aromatic amine. Zn, SnCl2, and TiCls in acidic medium were used as reducing agents [23—26]. The aromatic amine is then identified by one of two methods ... 

Polynitro derivatives of monocychc aromatic systems (trinitrobenzene, trinitrotoluene, tetranitro-iV-methylaniline, trinitrophenol, etc.) have long been used as explosives [1]. It has been found that a series of polynitroderivatives of biphenyl, diphenylmethane and 1,2-diphenylethylene (stilbene) are explosives liable to detonate on grinding or impact [2]. The same may be true of other polynitro derivatives of polycyclic systems not normally used as explosives (e.g. polynitro-fluorenones, -carbazoles, etc. Penta- and hexa-nitrobenzophenones are also high-energy explosives [3]. The thermal stability of 33 polynitroaromatics was studied by DTA [4]. Two empirical equations relating the heat of decomposition to the heat of detonation have been developed and used to calculate the heats of detonation for 47 polynitroaryl compoimds [5]. 

Polynitroaromatic explosives containing a -C-H linkage alpha to the aromatic ring are more sensitive as a class than explosives without such a linkage and results may be fitted into a linear relationship log (h50%) = 1.33 - 0.17 (OBi00). 

In an effort, to study the effect of introduction of -C=C- on thermal stability of polynitroaromatics, Feng and Boren designed 3,3 -bis((2,2, 4,4, 6,6 -hexanitrostilbene) and azo-3,3 -bis (2,2, 4,4, 6,6 -hexanitrostilbene), synthesized and studied their structural aspects by infrared (IR), NMR, elemental analysis and mass spectrometry [64]. These explosives are expected to have high m.p. and thermal stability in view of their large molecular masses and better molecular symmetry. Further, DSC study of these explosives also proves that thermal stability of an explosive is associated with its m.p. Also decomposition rate is accelerated... 

Lenke, H., C. Achtnich, and H.-J. Knackmuss, Perspectives of bioelimination of polynitroaromatic compounds . In Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds and Explosives, J. C. Spain, J. B. Hughes and H.-J. Knackmuss, Eds., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2000, pp. 92-126. 

Impact Sensitivities and Oxidant Balances of Polynitroaromatic Explosives from Ref IS)... 

Amperometric detection is the preferred method for the analysis of nitroaromatic explosives on microchip devices since it offers up to three orders of magnitude higher sensitivity than indirect LIF and it has a great potential for miniaturization and integration on microchip platform. Presence of nitrogroup allows its cathodic reduction to form al-kylhydroxyamines. The reduction mechanism of polynitroaromatic compounds is complex and depends on the number of nitro groups,... 

Picrates, especially salts of transition and heavy metals, such as nickel, lead, mercury, copper, and zinc picric acid is explosive but is less sensitive to shock or friction than its metal salts, and is relatively safe as a water wet paste Polynitroalkyl compounds, such as tetranitromethane and dinitroacetonitrile Polynitroaromatic compounds, especially polynitrohydrocarbons, phenols, and amines... 

Whong WZ, Speciner ND, Edwards GS. 1980b. Mutagenicity of polynitroaromatic explosives in microbial test systems. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 21 195. 

EDS applications. In addition, new test data from the ACWA Program indicate that polynitroaromatic compounds (e.g., trinitrobenzoic acid and trinitrobenzene) precipitate during treatment of liquid wastes containing explosive residues, which may be present in EDS neutralents (Winkler, 2001). Electrochemical oxidation with Ce(IV) is also dropped from track two, owing to its relative immaturity and the possibility of corrosion and plugging of the electrochemical cells as a result of higher levels of metal ions in the EDS neutralents. 

Kamlet, M. 1. Adolph, H. G. The relationship of impact sensitivity with structure of organic high explosives. H. Polynitroaromatic explosives. Propellants Explosives 1979, 4, 30-34. 

Kamlet, M.J., and Adolph, H.G. The relation of impact soisitivity with structure of organic high explosives, n. polynitroaromatic rplosives, Propellants and... 

Kamlet, M.J. and Adolph, H.G. (1979) The Relationship of Impact Sensitivity with Structure of High Explosives. II. Polynitroaromatic Explosives Propellants and Explosives 4, 30-3. ... 

Sensitivity with Structure of Organic High Explosives II. Polynitroaromatic Explosives, Propellants and Explosives, , 30-34... 

Some synthetic musk fragrances, widely used in soaps, detergents, and lotions, are polynitroaromatic compounds. As such, they may give false positive results when tested by field kits based on color reactions of explosives. 

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