Explosives oxygen balance

Finds employment as an high explosive (oxygen balance —40%). 

Explosive Oxygen balance °/ /o Content of toxic gaseous products (1. per kg of explosive) ... 

Principles of composition of commercial explosives Oxygen balance... 

Oxygen Balance of Common Explosives and Explosive Ingredients. 

GP 2[ [R 2[ Safe operation under explosive conditions using pure oxygen was demonstrated in a steel multi-plate-stack micro reactor (e.g. 3 vol.-% ethylene, 50 vol.-% oxygen, balance nitrogen 5 bar 4 1 h 277 °C) ]4, 26,40]. The cross-sections of the various micro channels employed were from 500 x 50 pm to 500 x 90 pm. ... 

Nearly all recognized detonating explosives have oxygen balances between -100 and h-40. Any substance with an oxygen balance higher than -200 should be treated as potentially dangerous and explosibility testing for these compounds should be carried out. 

They are strong oxidants especially when they are combined with sulphuric acid. Ammonium dichromate or chromate (less used) have an oxygen balance(C3= 0 g% for the first one) that makes them likely to be very unstable thermodynamically. This is confirmed by the labelling code 1 (explosive in the dry state) provided by the regulations and attested by a number of accidents. 

The most important explosives of this class are the ammon gelignites, so called because they are based essentially on ammonium nitrate which is the cheapest and most powerful source of oxygen. Sodium nitrate is sometimes added as well in order to improve the oxygen balance for certain types of these explosives. The ammon gelignites are explosives with... 

When used in detonators, mercury fulminate is frequently mixed with 10 or 20% of potassium chlorate. Such mixtures have a better oxygen balance and therefore give improved and more reliable initiation of other explosives. 

An extremely explosive liquid, only capable of preparation in minute amounts. Oxygen balance is 100%... 

Explosions occurred dining distillation of this polynitro compound [1]. Though not an endothermic compound, it is of positive oxygen balance and the heat of decomposition (2.80 kJ/g) would give an adiabatic decomposition temperature exceeding 2200°C and a 40-fold increase in pressure [2],... 

The high explosive instability is due in part to the covalent character of the alkyl perchlorates, and also to the excess of oxygen in the molecule over that required to combust completely the other elements present (i.e. a positive oxygen balance). 

Above 140°C its exothermic decomposition to metal and carbon dioxide readily becomes explosive [1], A 1 kg batch which had been thoroughly dried at 50°C exploded violently when mechanical grinding in an end-runner mill was attempted [2], Explosions have been experienced when drying the oxalate as low as 80°C [6], It is a compound of zero oxygen balance. The explosion temperature of the pure oxalate is lowered appreciably (from 143 to 122°C) by application of an electric field [3], The salt prepared from silver nitrate with excess of sodium oxalate is much less stable than that from excess nitrate [4], Decomposition at 125°C in glycerol prevents explosion in the preparation of silver powder [5],... 

It is a practical explosive of zero oxygen balance, but much less sensitive to accidental explosion than conventional detonators. 

Though relatively insensitive to friction, impact or shock, it can be detonated. With hydrogen containing organic compounds, this oxygen-rich compound (+200% oxygen balanced) forms powerfully explosive mixtures. The addition compound with 2-nitroaniline (C8H6N80i4, -27% balance) is extremely explosive. 

The azide is extremely explosive in the dry state, though the oxygen balance is... 

A pilot plant for manufacture of the title compound (an explosive of zero oxygen balance) was decommissioned and treated with concentrated alkali, but not completely drained. After 4 years, an explosion occurred, attributed to the hydrolytic formation of trinitroethanol or its sodium salt(s). 

This heart drug (—14.3% oxygen balance) enjoys larger scale use as the explosive PETN (PentaErythritolTetraNitrate). 

It explodes on heating [1], and an improved preparation is described [2], The compound has +20% oxygen balance, so can function as an overall oxidant. It would also be expected to form explosive metal salts. 

Described by Hofman as the most powerfully explosive compound of which he knew. Since it is of better oxygen balance than the aromatic high explosives, and the diazonium unit is also high energy, this is quite probable. 

The compound (of zero oxygen balance) is a powerful explosive, as is pentan-itrobenzene. As a nitrocarbon, it has similar properties to tetranitromethane and hexanitroethane. 

It ignites at 240°C in air and decomposes explosively, but surprisingly is not sensitive to friction or impact, unlike its nickel analogue. It shows +118% oxygen balance. 

A second crop of material (+14.2% oxygen balance), precipitated by addition of excess perchloric acid to the liquor, was collected on a sinter, washed and dried with ethanol, then ether. Stirring the filter cake led to a violent explosion [1] formation of ethyl perchlorate seems to have been the most likely cause. The advantages of using plastic sintered funnels in reducing friction and the extent of fragmentation if an explosion occurs were stressed later [2],... 

Alone, or Metals, or Metal compounds Mellor, 1940, Vol. 8, 327 1967, Vol. 8, Suppl. 2.2, 84, 96 It is an explosive of positive oxygen balance, less stable than ammonium nitrate, and has been studied in detail. Stable on slow heating to 300°C, it decomposes explosively on rapid heating or under confinement. Presence of zinc, copper, most other metals and their acetylides, nitrides, oxides or sulfides cause flaming decomposition above the m.p. (70°C). Commercial cobalt (cubes) causes an explosion also. 

Explosibility of individual substances Detonation Deflagration Chemical structure Tube test Card gap Dropweight Oxygen balance High rate test Explosibility tests... 

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