Explosives history

High Explosives, History of. See under HISTORY OF EXPLOSIVES AND RELATED ITEMS... 

One of the most significant events in explosives history has been the development of the IRECO Chemicals Site-Mixed-Slurry (SMS) system, commonly referred to as the pump truck system, which is today the safest blasting system known. Nonexplosive raw materials are carried by the pump truck from the storage area to the borehole site where they then become an explosive capable... 

Explosions, History of is reviewed in the book of R. Assheton, published by the Institute of Makers of Explosives, NY (1930)... 

H-6 Explosive History and Properties", NAV-SEA-03-TR-044, Naval Sea Systems Command (1977)... 

PS Foams. The eady history of foamed PS is available (244), as are discussions of the theory of plastic foams (245). Foamable PS beads were developed in the 1950s by BASF under the trademark of STYROPOR (246—248). These beads, made by suspension polymerization in the presence of blowing agents such as pentane or hexane, or by post-pressurization with the same blowing agents, have had an almost explosive growth, with 200,000 metric tons used in 1980. Some typical physical properties of PS foams are Hsted in Table 10 (see Foamed plastics). 

Nonstirred ARC runs may give answers that do not adequately duphcate plant results when there are reactants that may settle out or that require mixing for the reaction to be carried out (DeHaven and Dietsche, The Dow Chemical Company, Pittsburgh, Calif., Catalyst Explosion A Case History, Plant (Operations Progress, April 1990). 

Typical pressure and temperature histories computed are shown in Figs. 6.6 and 6.7. In Figs. 6.6, the pressure is shown as a function of position within the powder compact at various times. For the baratol explosive loading shown, an initial wave, whose pressure is 1.8 GPa, is shown moving slowly from right to left. Upon reflection from the rear interface with the copper, the pressure jumps to a much higher value and then quickly reverberates to a peak pressure of about 11.4 GPa. The shorter reverberation time reflects the higher wavespeed and the major reduction in thickness in the compressed powder. 

One of the most interesting results of the zinc ferrite synthesis is the observation that the yield of the product is dependent on the early pressure history. This behavior is shown in Fig. 8.3, which plots the yield versus temperature for baratol explosive loading and for Composition B explosive loading. The difference between these loadings is that the initial pressure pulse amplitude is significantly greater with Composition B. Apparently, the early pressure history has an important conditioning effect for subsequent reactions. 

Magison, E. C. 1987. Hazardous Material Classification m the United States History, Problems, and Needs. Proe. Inti. Symposium on the Explosion Hazard Classification of. Vapors, Gases and Dusts. National Materials Advisory Board, Washington, DC. 

This chapter describes the main features of vapor cloud explosions, flash fires, and BLEVEs. It identifies the similarities and differences among them. Effects described are supported by several case histories. Chapter 3 will present details of dispersion, deflagration, detonation, ignition, blast, and radiation. 

Some of tlie preceding cliapters liave dealt witli tlie history and legislation of emergency and accidents tliis cliapter addresses specifically tlie fundamentals of plant fires, explosions, and certain otlier plant- and non-plant-related accidents. 

Chapter I Past History, John O Byrne Chapter 2 Legislation, Gaetano LaVigua Chapter 3 Emergency Planning and Response, Elizabeth Shoen Chapter 5 Fires, Explosions and Other Accidents, Nat Federici and Isabella Schroeder... 

Ionic liquids may be viewed as a new and remarkable class of solvents, or as a type of materials that have a long and useful history. In fact, ionic liquids are both, depending on your point of view. It is absolutely clear though, that whatever ionic liquids are, there has been an explosion of interest in them. Entries in Chemical Abstracts for the term ionic liquids were steady at about twenty per year through 1995, but had grown to over 300 in 2001. The increased interest is clearly due to the realization that these materials, formerly used for specialized electrochemical applications, may have greater utility as reaction solvents. 

The early history of ionic liquid research was dominated by their application as electrochemical solvents. One of the first recognized uses of ionic liquids was as a solvent system for the room-temperature electrodeposition of aluminium [1]. In addition, much of the initial development of ionic liquids was focused on their use as electrolytes for battery and capacitor applications. Electrochemical studies in the ionic liquids have until recently been dominated by work in the room-temperature haloaluminate molten salts. This work has been extensively reviewed [2-9]. Development of non-haloaluminate ionic liquids over the past ten years has resulted in an explosion of research in these systems. However, recent reviews have provided only a cursory look at the application of these new ionic liquids as electrochemical solvents [10, 11]. 

Reference [40] presents a rather thorough review of the history and theoretical analysis of these types of explosions. 

The present article will consist of a brief History of SP (Section II) Representative SP and their Uses (Section III) Production Methods of Representative Propellants (Section. IV) Physical Characteristics of Representative Propellants (Section V) Chemical Characteristics Performance (including modern concepts of ignition and combustion) (Section VI) Explosion Hazards (Section VII) and Brief Summaries of Recent Literature on SP (Section VIII)... 

Based on the history of terrorist attacks, which have mostly involved hijacking and bombing of aircraft, current threat-detection measures have concentrated on detecting weapons or explosives. In the future, terrorist attacks could also involve the use of toxic chemicals, chemical and biological warfare agents, or even radiological and nuclear materials.1 2... 

Kelly, Jack. Gunpowder alchemy, bombards, and pyrotechnics, the history of the explosive that changed the world. New York Basic Books, 2004. x, 26lp. ISBN 0-465-03718-6... 

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