Explanation, meaning

A greater hydroxide concentration will shift the equilibrium to the left, decreasing the free-Pb concentration. This explanation means that the rate is dependent on the lead concentration, in contrast to the previous studies discussed earlier, which found the rate to be essentially independent of this parameter. 

This type of explanation means that in the left side case, the intermediate situation in Fig. 3.3a is one where there may still be 2 charges on the metal electrode, while in both cases, the OH entities may have no overall charge. In the upper situation in both Fig. 3.3a and Fig. 3.3b, there must be 4 positive... 

The word actual is important, because one could object that the fact that the minima are stable in fact is deduced from statistical mechanics and that the conformational search is just a vehicle to find these minima. The search does not affect the deductive character of the derivation. (I am grateful to Ansgar Beckermann for this objection) Yet, this is the wrong perspective. My claim is that, in order to find out what the term explanation means one has to have a close look at what scientist actually do when they explain. In the case of Molecular Mechanics they do not derive, they search. 

An explosion, in the following explanations, means an abrupt exothermic oxidation reaction between combustible (flammable) substances and atmospheric oxygen which is caused by an effective ignition source. 

Though by no means a complete theory, this is at least a reasonable explanation of the Knudsen minimum, and it then remains to explain why the minimum is not observed for flow through porous media. Pollard and Present attributed this to the limited length/diameter ratio of the channels in a typical porous medium and gave a plausible argument in favor of this view. 

Although Pasteur was unable to provide a structural explanation—that had to wait for van t Hoff and Le Bel a quarter of a century later—he correctly deduced that the enantiomeric quality of the crystals was the result of enantiomeric molecules The rare form of tartanc acid was optically inactive because it contained equal amounts of (+) tartaric acid and (—) tartaric acid It had earlier been called racemic acid (from Latin racemus meaning a bunch of grapes ) a name that subsequently gave rise to our pres ent term for an equal mixture of enantiomers... 

The first detailed book to describe the practice and theory of stereology was assembled by two Americans, DeHoff and Rhines (1968) both these men were famous practitioners in their day. There has been a steady stream of books since then a fine, concise and very clear overview is that by Exner (1996). In the last few years, a specialised form of microstructural analysis, entirely dependent on computerised image analysis, has emerged - fractal analysis, a form of measurement of roughness in two or three dimensions. Most of the voluminous literature of fractals, initiated by a mathematician, Benoit Mandelbrot at IBM, is irrelevant to materials science, but there is a sub-parepisteme of fractal analysis which relates the fractal dimension to fracture toughness one example of this has been analysed, together with an explanation of the meaning of fractal dimension , by Cahn (1989). 

Obviously, the closer the particles are to each other, the more likely it is that they will stick together and form larger clumps, which usually means that the flow is not uniform. This view combined with Eq. (14.18) is a greatly simplified explanation of why the mass flow ratio q, for dry wood chips can rise to five or even higher and still the flow of the mixture of air and large chip particles can be handled as a uniform suspension, a uniform dilute-phase flow, although it is not actually dilute. The mass flow ratio for fine coal powder, however, has to be much less than five in order for the flow to be handled as a uniform dilute flow. 

In general, the value of a psychological perspective in incident analysis is that it directs the analyst to search for causes that would not otherwise have been considered. This means that the development of preventative strategies will be better informed. In addition, an evaluation of causes from a psychological perspective can be useful when the "root cause" appears to be an otherwise incomprehensible failure on the part of an individual. A psychological analysis can break the "causal log jam" by providing an explanation. 

An explanation of the exclusive N methylation of 1,2-dimethyl-J -piperi-deine by means of methyliodide is more difficult. Pyrrolines and piperideines which are not alkylated on the nitrogen atom afford only quaternary ammonium salts on alkylation (203-205), for example 119. 

Let us see what it means to search for an explanation. Consider a child blowing up a balloon. As he blows into the balloon again and again it expands and it becomes harder. Evidently the gas is pushing on the inside of the balloon, stretching its elastic walls. Why does the gas push... 

With this example, we can now see the meaning of an explanation. It began with a wondering why question ... 

This idea—that each molecular substance has a characteristic heat content—provides a good explanation of the heat effects found in chemical reactions. Chemists symbolize heat content by H. Since the heat effect in a reaction is the difference between the U s of the products and the H s of the reactants, the heat of reaction is called AH, the Greek letter A (delta) signifying difference. We can see what AH means in terms of an example. Consider reaction (/) ... 

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