Experimental Workstation

The experimental workstation, a three level stainless steel ultra high vacuum (UHV) chamber whose pmnping system permits to maintain a stable base pressure of mbar, is equipped with hemispherical electron energy 

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The purpose of the Gnusic [Kahrs and Killian, 1992] project was to build a music I/O device for an experimental workstation capable of orchestral synthesis . Orchestral synthesis means the synthesis of large number of voices in real time. The basic architecture is shown in figure 5.18. 

For a full discussion and review of instrumentation employed at SR centres see Helliwell (1984) and the references therein. In order to give an idea of the scale of the apparatus involved Fig. 1 shows a schematic of the optics on the SRS wiggler protein crystallography workstation and a view of the apparatus inside the experimental hutch. 

Known scale-up correlations thus may allow scale-up when laboratory or pilot plant experience is minimal. The fundamental approach to process scaling involves mathematical modeling of the manufacturing process and experimental validation of the model at different scale-up ratios. In a paper on fluid dynamics in bubble column reactors, Lubbert and coworkers [52] noted Until very recently fluid dynamical models of multiphase reactors were considered intractable. This situation is rapidly changing with the development of high-perfonnance computers. Today s workstations allow new approaches to. .. modeling. ... 

Use of dedicated workstations and also networked PCs for 3D-graphics, mathematical modelling and experimental design. 

Statistical analysis using spreadsheet format experimental design. Macintosh. Anonymous ftp at ftp.sas.com. SAS statistical and data management system on IBM mainframes, VAX, PCs (Windows), Sun, HP, and IBM UNIX workstations. 

A typical run took minutes on a workstation and the predicted conformations agreed with those observed crystallographicallyin all cases. Meadows and Hajduk (102) used experimental constraints with a GA algorithm to dock biotin to stepavidin. Judson et al. (101) also reported docking of flexible molecules into the active sites of thermolysin, car-boxypeptidase, and dihydrofolate reductase. In 9 of the 10 cases examined, the GA found conformations within 1.6 A root-mean-square (rms) of the relaxed crystal conformation. 

The 30 successive packing calculations consumed, respectively for zeolite Li-A(BW) and zeolite 4A, some 3s and 12s on a workstation, with each structure optimization then reqmring an additional 2 or 8 min. respectively. In the latter case, in which the local structure provided by the simulations and the sample-averaged structure yielded by difiraction differ, the modeling results also allow the local effects of the site disorder to be explored. These encouraging results set the stage for extensions to still more complex systems and to structures for which less direct experimental data are available. 

The present author believes that many practical problems can be illuminated and even solved with the use Monte Carlo simulations like those presented above in this section. The simulations are inherently probabilistic and can incorporate both thermodynamic and kinetic factors. The simulations do not provide formulae, but their great advantage is the possibility to take into account real experimental conditions. Simulations do not take any significant time, even on standard PC workstations. On the other hand, deriving analytical formulae as a rule requires assuming idealized experimental conditions, which are often far from reality. 

Corkan, L. A. and Lindsey, J. S. Experiment manager software for an automated chemistry workstation, including a scheduler for parallel experimentation. Chem. Intel Lab. Syst. Lab. Inf. Management V7-.47-74, 1992. 

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