Expectorant coughs

Wood Creosote. Beechwood creosote has been and continues to be used therapeutically on a limited basis in Asia as an expectorant/cough suppressant based on its presumed ability to increase the flow of respiratory fluids. The efficacy of creosote (type not specified, but presumably beechwood creosote) as an expectorant was studied by measuring the output of respiratory tract fluids in cats given a single oral dose of 0.1 or 5 mL/kg (concentration not specified) (Stevens et al. 1943). Creosote produced a slight increase in the output of respiratory tract fluid under these conditions. This is not considered a toxic effect. Given the limitations of this study (e.g., no dose information, no other respiratory effects evaluated), it provides no useful information on the potential respiratory effects of beechwood creosote after oral exposure. 

HEALTH SYMPTOMS inhalation (wheezing, shortness of breath, irritates eyes, nose and skin) ingestion (expectoration, coughing with sputum and phlegm, chest x-ray changes, bronchitis) contact (mild dermatitis, erythema and mild scaling of skin, allergic skin rashes). 

Products and Uses As a flavoring and fragrance for smoky, richly balsamic or cinnamic flavors. Derived from evergreen trees or shrubs. In chocolate manufacturing, expectorants, cough syrups, shampoo fragrances, and hair conditioners. 

Pha.rma.ceutica.ls. Tartaric acid is used ia the manufacture of fine dmg salts, as ia effervescent salts. Tartar emetic [28300-74-5] is used ia small doses as an expectorant ia cough symps. It can be used to treat infections caused by Schistosomajaponium. 

Sodium iodide [7681-82-5] Nal, mol wt 149.92, mp 662°C, 84.66% I, forms colorless cubic crystals, which are soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, and acetone. It is used in photography, for the production of organic chemicals, and as an expectorant in cough medicines. Nal is separated by addition of sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate to an acidic iodide solution (see also Expectorants, antitussives, and related agents). 

Uses. In many cases cyanoacetic acid, cyanoacetates, or cyanoacetamide can be used alternatively. The traded cyanoacetic acid is mainly iatended for the synthesis of the cough remedy dextromethorphan [125-71-3] (31) (61) (see Expectorants, antitussives, and related agents) and of the fungicide cymoxanil [57966-95-7] (32) (62) (see Fungicides,agricultural). 

Safety and efficacy data on a number of antitussives and expectorants have been reviewed by the FDA s Advisory Review Panel on Over-the-Counter (OTC) Cough, Cold, Allergy, Bronchodilator, and Antiasthmatic Products. The conclusions and recommendations regarding the effectiveness, safety, labeling, and suitability for marketing of over-the-counter preparations have been reported (103). After review of these recommendations, FDA has issued final monographs for over-the-counter antitussives (12) and for expectorants (1). LD q data for most of the compounds described have been reported (104,105). 

Use of codeine may result in respiratory depression, euphoria, light-headedness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, and hypersensitivity reactions. The more common adverse reactions associated with the antitussives are listed in the Summary Drug Table Antitussive, Mucolytic, and Expectorant Drugs. When used as directed, nonprescription cough medicines containing two or more ingredients have few adverse reactions. However, those that contain an antihistamine may cause drowsiness. 

Expectorants are used to help raise respiratory secretions. An expectorant may also be included along with one or more additional drug, such as an antihistamine, decongestant, or antitussive, in some prescription and nonprescription cough medicines. 

Encourages slow, even breathing during treatment and coughing and expectorating as necessary. 

Ms. Moore, a patient in a jiursijTg home, has had a cough for the past 3 weeks. Ms. Moore s physician is aware of her problem and has ordered an expectorant but told her that he wants her to cough and raise sputum. Ms. Moore s family asks you if something can be given to their mother to stop her from coughing. Explain how you would discuss this problem and explain the prescribed therapy with Ms. Moore s family. 

Long-term inhalation of ipratropium decreases the frequency of cough, severity of cough, and the volume of expectorated sputum. 

Another potential benefit of UHPLC is its capability of solving the most challenging separation tasks in pharmaceutical analysis. Figure 9.4 shows a UPLC method developed to analyze pharmaceutical formulations used to treat the common cold. Cold products often contain multiple active ingredients to treat different symptoms and can contain decongestants, antihistamines, pain relievers, cough suppressants, expectorants, and numerous excipients of various polarities. The analysis of a total of 20 components was achieved within 10 min. 

In another report, Sandall (1922) examined 83 British soldiers 3 y after phosgene exposure. Shortness of breath upon exertion (70%), cough with expectoration (54%), tight feeling in chest (25%), sporadic giddiness (14%), and nausea (12%) were the most frequently reported complaints. No physical lung abnormalities were noted in 53% of the men. 

Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a sympathomimetic agent that causes bronchodilatation. It is used to relieve bronchospasm in anaphylactic shock reactions. Histamine, kinins and prostaglandins, such as prostaglandin E2, are inflammatory mediators. In response to allergic stimuli, inflammatory mediators may cause bronchoconstrictions. Guaifenesin is an expectorant preparation that increases bronchial secretions to promote the expulsion of the mucus coughed up. 

Bronchial secretion. Premedication with atropine before inhalation anesthesia prevents a possible hypersecretion of bronchial mucus, which cannot be expectorated by coughing during intubation (anesthesia). 

Lithium carbonate, administered for affective and bipolar disorders, may enhance the effects of antithyroid drugs. Potassium iodide, used as an expectorant, is a major ingredient in many cough medications. Iodide derived from this source may enhance the effects of antithyroid drugs and lead to iodine-induced hypothyroidism. Iodine in topical antiseptics and radiological contrast agents may act in a similar manner. 

Expectorant. An agent that induces the removal (coughing up) of mucous secretion from the lungs. 

Lobar pneumonia. An acute febrile disease produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae, and marked by inflammation of one or more lobes of the lung, together with consolidation. It is attended with chill, followed by sudden elevation of temperature, dyspnea, rapid breathing, pain in the side, and cough, with blood-stained expectoration. The symptoms abate after 1 week. 

Brontex and Guiatussin with Codeine are two brand-name cough suppressants available in tablet form. They contain 10 mg of codeine plus the expectorant guaifenesin. (An expectorant helps expel mucus secretions from the airways.)... 

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