Exchange reactions, alcohol/ether

W-Ethyl-A -(3-sulfopropyl)-m-anisidine, triglyceride determination, 736, 634 Ethynyl hydroperoxide, C-O distance, 102-3 ETR see Electron transfer reactions Exchange reactions, alcohol/ether, 157-8 Exciplex intermediate, ene reaction, 832-3, 835... 

They are colourless liquids with characteristic odours, and are prepared by the condensation of ketones with alkyl orthoformates in the presence of alcohols, or by the reaction of acetylenes with alcohols in presence of HgO and BF3. In some cases trichloroethanoic acid is used as the catalyst. They lose alcohol when heated and form vinyl ethers. Exchange of alcohol groups occurs when the ketals of the lower alcohols are boiled with alcohols of greater molecular weight. See acetals. 

The key step in the total synthesis of rhizobitoxine is the Pd-catalyzed exchange reaction of the methyl alkenyl ether moiety in 4 with the functionalized alcohol, although the yield is low[3]. The enol pyruvate 6 (a-ethoxyacrylic acid) is prepared by the reaction of methyl a-methoxyacrylate or a-methoxy-acrylic acid (5) with ethanol catalyzed by PdCl2(PhCN)2 at room temperature in the presence of CuCli and NaH2P04[4],... 

Methoxymethylation of alcohols is generally achieved through alkylation with chloromethyl methyl ether. The procedure described here for the preparation of Bu3SnCH20CH20CH3 avoids the use of the highly toxic chloromethyl ether by employing an acid-catalyzed acetal exchange reaction with dimethoxymethane for the... 

Vardanyan [65,66] discovered the phenomenon of CL in the reaction of peroxyl radicals with the aminyl radical. In the process of liquid-phase oxidation, CL results from the disproportionation reactions of primary and secondary peroxyl radicals, giving rise to trip-let-excited carbonyl compounds (see Chapter 2). The addition of an inhibitor reduces the concentration of peroxyl radicals and, hence, the rate of R02 disproportionation and the intensity of CL. As the inhibitor is consumed in the oxidized hydrocarbon the initial level of CL is recovered. On the other hand, the addition of primary and secondary aromatic amines to chlorobenzene containing some amounts of alcohols, esters, ethers, or water enhances the CL by 1.5 to 7 times [66]. This effect is probably due to the reaction of peroxyl radicals with the aminyl radical, since the addition of phenol to the reaction mixture under these conditions must extinguish CL. Indeed, the fast exchange reaction... 

We distinguished between alcohols and ethers and between thiols and thioethers, and so we will consider the three relevant exchange quantities for amines, one apiece for primary, secondary and tertiary species. For each exchange reaction, all species are in the... 

Vinyl ethers are important raw materials in the production of glutaraldehyde, as well as of vinyl polymer materials which contain oxygen and are expected to degrade easily in Nature. The [IrCl(cod)]2 catalyzes an efficient exchange reaction between vinyl acetate 57 and alcohols or phenols 58, leading to the corresponding vinyl ethers 59 (Equation 10.11) [27]. Usually, the acid-catalyzed exchange reaction between alcohols and vinyl acetate results in alkyl acetates 60, and also to vinyl alcohol 61 which is readily isomerized to acetaldehyde 62. 

Klumpp and Sinnige proceeded similarly, using ec-butyl alcohol to protodelithi-ate the anisoles and other lithiated aryl ethers in di-n-butyl ether. The protodelithiation enthalpies for all the lithiated aryl ethers, as monomers, from the latter study are listed in Table 3. The reaction enthalpies for the o- and p-lithioanisoles are ca 20 kJmop more negative from Reference compared to the ones from Reference, presumably due to differences in the reaction media. From the exchange reaction, equation 17, and the enthalpies of formation of phenyl lithium, benzene and the relevant aryl ether, the enthalpies of formation of the lithiated aryl ethers can be derived. The calculated values are shown in Table 3. 

An alcohol/ether exchange reaction can be written for the peroxide collection as in equation 12. 

Metallation of alkynylcyclopropanes at the acetylenic end is accomplished either by deprotonation or via metal-halide exchange reaction with strong bases. Metallation of ethynylcyclopropane may be affected by KOH in DMF, ethereal EtMgBr or preferably BuLi in THF (equation 151)231. All three metal acetyl ides react with methyl ketones to give the corresponding alcohols. However, the instability of cyclopropyl ketones towards bases, especially at the reaction conditions required by KOH (20 °C, 6h), and the sensitivity of cyclopropenyl double bonds in cyclopropenyl ketone derivatives towards addition reactions of alkylmagnesium compounds, make the alkyllithium (-78 °C, instant reaction) superior to the other reagents. 

Lithiation of 2-bromo-3,3-disubstituted-methylenecyclopropanes by metal halogen exchange reaction with EtLi in ether, followed by alkylation with epoxides, gave selectively ring-alkylated /8-alcohols, derived from attack at the epoxide primary carbon (equation 299). When R1 R2 a mixture of isomers is obtained369. 

Electron tunneling between organic species was first detected, by direct kinetic experiments, for reactions of the biphenyl anion radical with naphthalene and pyrene [11] and triphenylethylene [12], As is known, upon irradiating vitreous solutions containing biphenyl or pyrene, Py, these acceptors react with electrons to form Ph2 and Py with characteristic optical spectra [13]. Ph2 particles have been found [11] to enter into the electron exchange reactions at 77 K with naphthalene, Nh, and pyrene molecules in mixtures of ethyl alcohol and diethyl ether (2 1). 

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