Exchange practical aspects

Frank,0., Sinqjlified Design Procedures for Tubular Heat Exchangers, Practical Aspects of Heat Transfer, Chem. Eng. Prog., Tech. Manual, Am. Inst, of Chem. Eng., New York., NY, 1978. 

Gottlieb Michael, C. The Practical Aspects of Ion Exchange in the Service Dl Industry. Water Technology , Vol. 11, February/March 1989. 

Frank O (1978) Simplified Design Procedure for Tubular Exchangers in Practical Aspects of Heat Transfer, Chem Eng Prog Tech Manual, AIChE. 

Managing salt-affected soils or brackish waters in natural environments (e.g., land, streams, rivers, and lakes) requires knowledge of the chemistry of soil and brine, how brines interact with soil-water systems, and how these systems are affected by such interactions. This chapter deals with the practical aspects of Na+-Ca2+ exchange reactions and CaC03 solubility for the effective management of salt-affected soils and safe disposal of brines to soil-water environments. 

Jeener J, et al. Investigation of exchange processes by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. J. Chem. Phys. 1979 71 4546-4553. Bax A, Davis DG. Practical aspects of two-dimensional transverse NOE spectroscopy. J. Magnet. Reson. (1969) 1985 63 207-213. 

For soluble surfactant adsorption layers the vertical mass transfer occurs under two different conditions, after the formation of a fresh surface of a surfactant solution and during periodic or aperiodic changes of the surface area. From the thermodynamic point of view the "surface phase" is an open system. The theoretical and practical aspects of this issues have been outlined in many classical papers, published by Milner (1907), Doss (1939), Addison (1944, 1945), Ward Tordai (1946), Hansen (1960, 1961), Lange (1965). New technique for measuring the time dependence of surface tension and a lot of theoretical work on surfactant adsorption kinetics under modem aspects have recently been published by Kretzschmar Miller (1991), Loglio et al. (1991), Fainerman (1992), Joos Van Uffelen (1993), MacLeod Radke (1993), Miller et al. (1994). This topic will be discussed intensively in Chapters 4 and 5. The relevance of normal mass exchange as a surface relaxation process is discussed in Chapter 6. 

There are three basic concepts that explain membrane phenomena the Nemst-Planck flux equation, the theory of absolute reaction rate processes, and the principle of irreversible thermodynamics. Explanations based on the theory of absolute reaction rate processes provide similar equations to those of the Nemst-Planck flux equation. The Nemst-Planck flux equation is based on the hypothesis that cations and anions independently migrate in the solution and membrane matrix. However, interaction among different ions and solvent is considered in irreversible thermodynamics. Consequently, an explanation of membrane phenomena based on irreversible thermodynamics is thought to be more reasonable. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics in membrane systems is covered in excellent books1 and reviews,2 to which the reader is referred. The present book aims to explain not theory but practical aspects, such as preparation, modification and application, of ion exchange membranes. In this chapter, a theoretical explanation of only the basic properties of ion exchange membranes is given.3,4... 

Bott, T.R., 1992, Heat exchanger fouling. The challenge, in Bohnet, M., Bott, T.R., Karabelas, A.J., Pilavachi, P.A., Semeria, R. and Vidil, R. eds. Fouling Mechanisms - Theoretical and Practical Aspects. Editions Europeennes Thermique et Industrie, Paris, 3-10. 

The theory associated with the transport of particles towards and onto surfaces is ejrtensive and complex. SufiBcient theory however will be presented in this chapter to provide a basic understanding of the principles as they affect heat exchanger fouling. Practical aspects will be considered towards the end of the chapter. 

The exchange current density is the key property of catalyst layers. It determines the value of the overpotential needed to attain the targeted fuel cell current density. This property, thus, links fundamental electrode theory with practical aspects of fuel cell performance. The following parameterization distinguishes explicitly the effects of different structural characteristics,... 

In electrochemistry an electrode is an electronic conductor in contact with an ionic conductor. The electronic conductor can be a metal, or a semiconductor, or a mixed electronic and ionic conductor. The ionic conductor is usually an electrolyte solution however, solid electrolytes and ionic melts can be used as well. The term electrode is also used in a technical sense, meaning the electronic conductor only. If not specified otherwise, this meaning of the term electrode is the subject of the present chapter. In the simplest case the electrode is a metallic conductor immersed in an electrolyte solution. At the surface of the electrode, dissolved electroactive ions change their charges by exchanging one or more electrons with the conductor. In this electrochemical reaction both the reduced and oxidized ions remain in solution, while the conductor is chemically inert and serves only as a source and sink of electrons. The technical term electrode usually also includes all mechanical parts supporting the conductor (e.g., a rotating disk electrode or a static mercury drop electrode). Furthermore, it includes all chemical and physical modifications of the conductor, or its surface (e.g., a mercury film electrode, an enzyme electrode, and a carbon paste electrode). However, this term does not cover the electrolyte solution and the ionic part of a double layer at the electrode/solution interface. Ion-selective electrodes, which are used in potentiometry, will not be considered in this chapter. Theoretical and practical aspects of electrodes are covered in various books and reviews [1-9]. 

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF GAS-PHASE HYDROGEN/ DEUTERIUM (H/D) EXCHANGE... 

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