Example of design

An quick sizing example can be given for a separator for a heavy crude oil  

Considering the space necessary upstream for distribution and downstream for the water to spill out and the oil to be collected, the separator has a total length of around 30 m and a useful volume of somewhere near 280 m. It defines a theoretical residence time of 40 min. 

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There is one obvious drawback of high-hysteresis rubber. In normal rolling operation, considerable elastic deformations still take place in the tyre wall, and high-loss tyres will consume fuel and generate considerable heat. The way out is to use a low-loss tyre covered with a high-loss tread - another example of design using composite materials (Fig. 26.9). 

Transportation risk can be reduced by applying inherently safer design principles to transportation containers. Some examples of design improvements follow. 

There are of course products whose shapes do not approximate a simple standard form or where more detailed analysis is required, such as a hole, boss, or attachment point in a section of a product. With such shapes the component s geometry complicates the design analysis for plastics, glass, metal, or other material and may make it necessary to carry out a direct analysis, possibly using finite element analysis (FEA) followed with prototype testing. Examples of design concepts are presented. 

Pressurised pipes for water and gas provide an example of design lives being predicted with confidence on the basis of a large assembly of data, of benchmark quality control tests for existing products, and of two-parameter accelerated testing for new ones. Some types of pipe are particularly sensitive to pressure extremes. Lifetime prediction cannot however take into account poor installation conditions. 

Unlike the rat, there is generally a lack of toxicokinetic and toxicity data in the rabbit before initiation of the main embryotox-icity study. Preliminary studies are therefore required beforehand and examples of designs are summarized below. 

Originality This is first example of designing a polymer to lower its melt viscosity for... 

Examples of designing controlled release delivery systems by varying some of these factors are illustrated briefly in the following section. 

Example of design of new aradrenoceptor antagonists (Betti et al., 2002) following pharmacophore investigation (Barbara et al., 2001)... 

There are examples of designer electrodes in which two materials are necessary. For example, (Ru(NH3)6)3+/2+ serves to transport electrons by means of a hopping... 

The Feed analysis screen is reached via the menu under "Tools— Input—Water Analysis," or by the "HzO" button at the top of the main screen. Up to three feed analyses can be entered. Concentration can be entered as ppm ion, ppm as calcium carbonate, or as milli-equivalence per liter. Standard species, such as calcium and sodium, are entered. There is also space for four designer-defined species of interest. Examples of designer-defined species include total organic carbon, boron, and the like. Note that the program will not automatically calculate permeate and concentrate concentrations for these designer-defined species. 

Other examples of design factors that can be matrixed include batches made by using the same process and equipment, and container sizes and/or fills in the same container closure system. 

Tower Height / Height of Transfer Unit, Z/HTU Fig. 9. Example of design relationship of Z HTU vs X/Xj for ammonia stripping tower (15). 

TABLE 7.2. Examples of Designed Chemistries and Their Relationship to Biomimicry... 

Examples of designs matrices are given below and the corresponding geometric illustrations of the distribution of the experimental points are given in Fig. 12.3. 

Consequently, the software tools developed as part of IMPROVE were examined both analytically and empirically. Depending on the state of development of each software, one or more evaluation techniques were chosen, and by means of concrete examples of designing user interfaces, suggestions for a better configuration were acquired. In the following, we discuss the analysis and evaluation of the design support system EVA, of the flowsheet editor FBW (see also Subsect. 3.1.3), of the administration system AHEAD (see also Subsect. 3.4.2), and finally of the communication platform KomPaKt (see also Subsect. 3.3.2). 

Finally, we discuss an example of designing a heat recovery system for the process water system of a paper mill (see Fig. 6.5). The problem involving four objective functions has been described and solved in Hakanen et al. (2005, 2006). We consider a virtual fine paper mill operating in a climate t3q)ical to northern latitudes, where ambient temperature varies according to the season. 

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