Evolution, detoxification enzymes

At some undetermined point in evolution, the function of these induced enzymes apparently changed from efficient utilization of an energy source to detoxification. In... 

Introduction Mn Chemistry and Biochemistry Photosynthetic Oxidation of Water — Oxygen Evolution Mn and Detoxification of Oxygen Free Radicals Nonredox di-Mn Enzymes — Arginase... 

The major difference between OPs and carbamates is in their metabolic fate. This strongly indicates that metabolism and detoxification are the most important factors in resistance evolution. The current emphasis on target site interactions and their associated resistance mechanisms reflects their perceived practical importance, the importance of their study for the development of new insecticidal molecules, and the fundability of such research. But detailed studies of the biochemical characteristics and physiological behavior of the enzymes involved in insecticide metabolism and detoxification are still very important. 

The introduction of antibiotics led to an enormous decrease in the morbidity and mortality caused by bacterial infections. Widespread use of antibiotics in the clinic, in animal feed, and in consumer products has resulted in astonishingly rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance, typically within a few decades, or even a few years, after introduction of a new antibiotic. Resistance can occur via multiple mechanisms, including detoxification by enzymes as well as target modification, decreased membrane permeability, and use of efflux pumps to expel antibiotics from cells. In many cases, antibiotic resistance genes are already present in the environment as a result of self-protection mechanisms in organisms that produce antibiotics, or of exposure of... 

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