Evaporation local

If the responsible specific corrodent cannot be entirely removed from the environment, it may be beneficial to reduce its concentration, since susceptibility to SCC is frequently concentration dependent. However, if this method of elimination is chosen, care must be taken to avoid conditions that will increase concentration locally, such as evaporation, localized boiling, alternate wet and dry conditions, crevices, and deposits. 

Mazor E. and George R. (1992) Marine airbone salts applied to trace evaporation, local recharge, and lateral groundwater flow in Western Australia. J. Hydrol. 139, 63-11. 

When a laser beam with a small divergence impinges on a solid surface, part of the energy is absorbed (10-90%) and material evaporates locally [223]. The energy required therefore varies between about 104 W/cm2 (for biological samples) and 109 W/cm2 (for glasses). Hence as a result, a crater is formed, the smallest diameter of which is determined by the diffraction of the laser radiation, and can be approximated by ... 

Supporting monitoring programmes for sites contaminated with long lived radionuclides should be focused both on the terrestrial environment and on the description and habits of the population. The local water cycle should be monitored precipitation and evaporation, local surface waters and groundwaters and their connections, and inputs and outputs by main rivers. Characteristics of soils should be studied. The descriptions and distributions of... 

A familiar (and biblical [SO]) example is the formation of tears of wine in a glass. Here, the evaporation of the alcohol from the meniscus leads to a local raising of the surface tension, which, in turn, induces a surface and accompanying bulk flow upward. 

Bikerman [179] has argued that the Kelvin equation should not apply to crystals, that is, in terms of increased vapor pressure or solubility of small crystals. The reasoning is that perfect crystals of whatever size will consist of plane facets whose radius of curvature is therefore infinite. On a molecular scale, it is argued that local condensation-evaporation equilibrium on a crystal plane should not be affected by the extent of the plane, that is, the crystal size, since molecular forces are short range. This conclusion is contrary to that in Section VII-2C. Discuss the situation. The derivation of the Kelvin equation in Ref. 180 is helpful. 

Writing by Bubble Forming. Bubble formation occurs under thin metal layers on polymeric substrate films, caused by local evaporation when hit by a focused laser beam (see Fig. 3c). Bubble formation occurs as in the DIP concept in dye-in-polymer films which are covered by a thin metal (mostiy gold) or ceramic layer (6) (see Fig. 3d). 

Extended x-ray absorption fine stmcture measurements (EXAFS) have been performed to iavestigate the short-range stmcture of TbFe films (46). It is observed that there is an excess number of Fe—Fe and Tb—Tb pairs ia the plane of the amorphous film and an excess number of Tb—Fe pairs perpendicular to film. The iacrease of K with the substrate temperature for samples prepared by evaporation is explained by a rearrangement of local absorbed atom configurations duting the growth of the film (surface-iaduced textuting) (47). 

Similar to IFP s Dimersol process, the Alphabutol process uses a Ziegler-Natta type soluble catalyst based on a titanium complex, with triethyl aluminum as a co-catalyst. This soluble catalyst system avoids the isomerization of 1-butene to 2-butene and thus eliminates the need for removing the isomers from the 1-butene. The process is composed of four sections reaction, co-catalyst injection, catalyst removal, and distillation. Reaction takes place at 50—55°C and 2.4—2.8 MPa (350—400 psig) for 5—6 h. The catalyst is continuously fed to the reactor ethylene conversion is about 80—85% per pass with a selectivity to 1-butene of 93%. The catalyst is removed by vaporizing Hquid withdrawn from the reactor in two steps classical exchanger and thin-film evaporator. The purity of the butene produced with this technology is 99.90%. IFP has Hcensed this technology in areas where there is no local supply of 1-butene from other sources, such as Saudi Arabia and the Far East. 

Water is omnipresent on the earth. Constant circulation of water from the ocean to the atmosphere (evaporation) and from the atmosphere to land and the oceans (precipitation, mnoff, etc) is generally known as the hydrologic cycle (see Fig. 1) (1 2). Within the hydrologic cycHc, there are several minor and local subcycles where water is used and returned to the environment. 

Small pits, some the size of pinheads, pockmarked surfaces (Fig. 7.22). Each pit was surrounded by a halo of reddish-brown rust. Cyclic wetting and evaporation caused chloride concentration and increased acidity locally. 

Figure 7.22 Pitting on a 304 stainless steel coupon caused by acidic, chloride-containing water condensating and evaporating. High chloride concentrations were produced locally.

In strong sunlight, water can evaporate at defects in coatings and surface films, and lead to concentration and crystallization of salts (e.g., in the upper decks of the ship). This can damage surface films, giving rise to local anodes. This is the case when a ship slowly rises in the water on unloading and is later reimmersed on loading. 

---