Evacuation procedures

An accidental release of liazardous materials sometimes necessitates evacuation of people from certain areas to prevent iiijuiy or death. These areas can include 

The first evacuation consideration, determining whether an evacuation is necessary, involves a comprehensive effort to identify and consider both tlie nature of and circumstances surrounding the released hazardous material and its effect on people. No safe exposure limits ha e been established for extremely haairdous substances (EHSs). 

Numerous factors affect the spread of luizardous substances into tlie area surrounding a leaking/buming container or contaituuent vessel. Evacuation decision-makers must carefully consider each of tliese factors in order to determine the conditions created by the release, tlie areas tluit have been or will be affected, and the heiilth affects on people. The factors tliat affect evacuation include amount of released material(s), physical and cheniical properties of the released material(s), health hazards, dispersion pattern, rate of release, and potential duration of release. Each of these factors is explained below. 

To begin with, it is necessary to know the inateriaFs physical and chcmiciil properties, including  

Flaimnability flashpoint, ignition temperature, flanunability limits 

When a fire is discovered, the following should occur  

Anyone who receives information or observes an emergency situation should immediately call a central designated number. The Plan should identify the Emergency Number to call, which most often is the Fire Department, Police Department, or Civil Defense. 

In the incident building, occupants will be notified of emergencies by a fire alarm, paging system, or word of mouth. 

The following are general evacuation instructions to include in the plan  

Be familiar with the evacuation routes posted on the diagram of your floor. 

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The persoimel at an industrial plant who me trained in tlie operation of die facility arc critical to proper emergency response. They must be taught to recognize abnormalities in operations mid to report tliem immediately. Plant operators should be taught how to respond to various types of accidents. Internal emergency squads also can be trained to contain the emergency until outside help arrives, or, if possible, to tenninate tlie emergency. It is especially important to train plant persomiel in shutdown and evacuation procedures. 

Perhaps the key to detcrnuiiiiig die consequences of an accident is die study of accident mininiization/prcvendon. This topic receives extensive treatment in Section 17.2. The estimation (not calculadon) of consequences is treated in Section 17.3, which is followed by evacuation procedures (Section 17.4). The next section e.xaniiiies failure modes, effects and critical analysis (FMECA). The cluipter concludes with vulnerability analysis (Section 17.6) and event tree analysis (Section 17.7). 

Atmospheric conditions must also be addressed when determining tlie appropriate evacuation response to a liaziirdous material release. Atmospheric conditions that may affect the movement of material mid evacuation procedures include ... 

Ybu need a routine in case of Fre or any other emergency evacuation. bu should test yoir alarms and emergency evacuation procedures regularly. 

Hazards attendant on use of ethylene oxide in steriliser chambers arise from difficulties in its subsequent removal by evacuation procedures, owing to its ready absorption or adsorption by the treated material. Even after 2 evacuation cycles the oxide may still be present. Safety is ensured by using the oxide diluted with up to 90% of Freon or carbon dioxide. If high concentrations of oxide are used, an inert gas purge between cycles is essential [7], The main factors in safe handling... 

The next step involved cooling the reaction mixture to -196°C, removing the H2 at low pressure, and sealing the tube. This sealed tube was then used in the equilibrium measurements. When it warmed up, a fraction of the hydride complex reacted with benzene, yielding H2 and the phenyl complex, according to equilibrium 14.12. Therefore, the total amount of substance of H2 in equation 14.18 is given by the sum of the initial amount of substance of H2 (no) and the amount of substance of Sc(Cp )2Ph in equilibrium. The latter is easily calculated from the relative concentrations of Sc(Cp )2Ph and Sc(Cp )2H determined by H NMR, and the known initial concentration of Sc(Cp )2H (5.4 x 10-5x 1000/0.5 = 0.108 mol dm-3). To evaluate the initial amount of substance of H2, consider the experimental procedure before and after reaction 14.19 takes place. When this reaction occurs (at 25 °C) a certain amount of H2 remains in solution, and it can be calculated by an equation similar to 14.17. This amount will be equal to no, by assuming that (1) there is no further H2 solubilization when the tube is rapidly cooled to — 196 °C, and (2) only the H2 dissolved in the frozen reaction mixture is not removed by the evacuation procedure. 

Emergency response training should be provided to all facility personnel. The level and detail of the training will depend on their role and responsibilities. Eor example, an office clerk may only need to be trained in how to report a fire and in the evacuation procedure. An operator who is a member of the emergency response team will require significantly more training. 

Total Volatiles by the Solution Evacuation Procedure. See footnotes 29 30, p 1375 Titrimetric Calculations (1304—05)... 

Note The heating ensures that the solution will lose less than 10 mg in SO ml during the solution-evacuation procedure, and may be omitted if previous tests show that it is unnecessary. 

Depending upon the number of people at a facility and their familiarity with response and evacuation procedures, it may be necessary to supplement signals with verbal instructions delivered by public address equipment, radios, or automated telephone systems. For reliability at any time of day, a system using verbal instructions must be located in a regularly manned job station such as a control room or gate house. 

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